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THE ORIGINS OF LIBERTY AND THE FIRST ENGLISH SETTLERS
ARISTOCRATS, SERVANTS AND SLAVES
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THE GREAT PARADOX OF AMERICAN SLAVERY
“How is it that we hear the loudest yelps for liberty from the drivers of Negroes?” - Dr. Samuel Johnson
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1.) How can “Liberty” and slavery evolve together?
2.) How and why did Americans invent “race”?
3.) Is the U.S. built on a paradox?
*critical race theory = is racial categorization an anomaly, oris it integral to American identity?
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I. COMING TO AMERICA
A. “Mercantilism”- provide natural resources- provide markets- absorb excess people
Richard Hakluyt 1557-1618
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B. Impediments
1. Financing- poor, cheap, pre-occupied
2. Labor
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II. JAMESTOWN
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A. FINANCING
1. Joint stock company
- Virginia Company 1606-24
- public/private stock- compulsory labor
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B. LABOR
1. The New Eden- promise of return
2. Indentured Servitude
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C. NEAR DISASTER
1. Investors want quick profits
John Smith
2. Conflict with Indians Wahunsonacock (Chief Powhatan)
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3. Bad geography
1609-10 “the Starving Time” 60/500
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III. ORIGINS OF RACE SLAVERY
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A. PRIVATIZATION/ REORGANIZATION
1. George Yeardley 1616
- distributed land for cash crops and food- Headright System- combine individualism w/ deferred rewards
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2. House of Burgesses- unequal representation- planter supremacy
Tidewater Aristocracy
*characteristic of southern colonies
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3. Social tensions- class conflict
What ensured “liberty” forthe poor?
Scots-IrishThe “backcountry”
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IV. VIRGINIA ON THE EDGE
A. 1622 Indian War
1. Opechancanough
WaterhouseDeclaration 1622
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2. Political scandal
- James I “Divine Right”
Royal Colony 1624
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A. WHY AFRICANS?
1. Availability- West African Slave Trade
2. Distinction- easy to isolate
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3. Were the English “racist”?
I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughterand the Moor are now making the beast with two backs.- Othello
Historiography
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4. 1600s, little difference between black &white laborers- socialized w/ each other- coerced by planters
So why does “race” enter the picture?
The Case of Katherine Watkins…
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B. BACON’S REBELLION 1676
1. Tidewater v. Backcountry
Nathaniel Bacon
William Berkeley
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C. RACIAL HIERARCHY
1. Laws from Jamestown
- 1630s black “servants” willed to family- 1639 no “Negroes” allowed to own guns- 1662 lifetime “slavery” first mentioned in
law- 1667 baptism will not bring freedom- 1670 blacks/Indians cannot own white I/Ss- 1680 blacks cannot congregate in large
numbers- 1691 no mixed-race marriage; separate trials
no free “Negroes or Mulattos” in the colony
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2. Last major white / black cooperation (1880s)
* Southern society divided by race as well as class
* White skin would come to mean better treatment
* Racial caste system (racism) invented to preserveeconomic hierarchy
IDEOLOGY OUTLASTS INSTITUTION
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GREAT PARADOX OF AMERICAN SLAVERY
Liberty (for whites) dependent on slavery
Leaders of Independence movement from planter class
Vested interest in this system(Civil War)