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The Orange Order in the Twentieth Century: A
Comparative Perspective from Northern Ireland, Scotland, Newfoundland and Ontario
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The Orange Order
• Formed 1795 in Northern Ireland
• Stands for loyalty to British Crown & Protestantism
• Associative cornerstone of British dominant ethnicity in Canada, N.I., west-central Scotland
• Rapidly spread internationally
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Lord Nelson Loyal Orange Lodge #149 in Woody Point, Bonne Bay, St. Barbe
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Political Influence in N. Ireland
• Helped found Ulster Unionist Party
• Guaranteed 15% of seats on Ulster Unionist Council
• Virtually all Official Unionist MPs are, and have been, Orange members
• Orange Order an influential lobby
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Social & Political Influence- Canada
• Politically influential by 1867• Many Tory MPs and several PMs were members• Involved in most national issues• 1/3 of Ontario legislature was Orange in 1915• 50% of Newfoundland Protestant MLAs Orange in
1885• 1/3 of Ontario males were members at some point in
their lifetime during 1870-1920• Hundreds of thousands in the wider Orange fraternity
as late as the 1950's
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Orange Political Influence: Scotland
• 1870s – WC Scotland Tory links
• First MP, Wm Whitelaw, 1892
• Tories appear at Orange rallies, 1890s
• Orange MPs generally follow party line in twentieth century and fail to shape Tory party policy
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International Orange Membership, 1912-1994
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1912 1929 1937 1955 1994
Other
Canada
Scotland
England
Ireland
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Orange Density, International, 1920
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Nfld Ont Scotland N. Ireland
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International Orange Strength
• Newfoundland the strongest Orange jurisdiction, similar to Ulster border counties
• Belfast area and Ontario similar
• WC Scotland and NW England much weaker
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Orange Male Membership, Ontario West, 1901-1995
c. 1
901
1915
1921
1927
1933
1939
1945
1951
1957
1963
1969
1975
1981
1987
1993
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Orange Male Membership, Newfoundland, 1901-2001
1901
1908
1915
1922
1929
1936
1943
1950
1957
1964
1971
1978
1985
1992
1999
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Orange membership, Scotland, per 1000 males
0123456
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
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20th c. International Orange Membership Trends
• Ontario declines first, 1920
• Newfoundland and Northern Ireland decline after 1960, though faster in NF
• Scotland declines from 1982, but from smaller base
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Orange Order Lodges, Northern Ireland, 1991
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Male Orange Density, N.I., 1971
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Orange Order Density 1991
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Scottish Orange Lodges, 2001
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Roman Catholic Percentage, Scottish Counties, 1961
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Masonic Lodges, Scotland, 2001
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Male Orange Density Scotland, 1961
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Male Orange Lodges, Southern Ontario, c. 1975
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Orange Lodge Masters' Ethnicity (N = 340), Ontario, 1901
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
English Irish Scottish
LOI
Ont
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Predictors of Orange Male Density, Ontario, 1891-1961
(TSCS; N = 224, R sq = .74)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Irish Protestant(1931 base) % [+]
French-Catholic[+]
ConservativeProtestant [+]
ScottishProtestant (1931
base) [-]
Rural [+]
Predictor
Imp
ac
t (Z
sc
ore
)
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Predictors of Scottish Orange Male Density, 1860-1991
(TSCS; N = 1202; R sq = .115
02468
1012141618
IrishProtestantIndicator
(1901 base)[+]
Wartime [-] PolicyLosses [-]
ThreateningEvents [+]
Social &Political
Stimuli [+]
% Catholic[+]
% inAgriculture
[-]
Predictors
Imp
act
(Z s
core
)
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Predictors of Orange Density, N.I. 1971 (TSCS; N = 100; R-sq = .99 )
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Protestant % (negative) COI/Protestant (positive) 1971 Generation (negative)
Predictor Variable
Imp
act
of
Va
ria
ble
(Z
sco
re)
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Causes of Orange Membership Change
• Ethnic and Religious changes key (%Irish Protestants, %Catholics, %Established Church)
• Economic change less important, though urbanization has a role in Northern Ireland and Ontario
• Events lie in between cultural shifts and economic changes in importance
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Orangeism & Masonry: Class Basis, Scotland, 2002
Proportions of Scottish Lodge Masters/Secretaries in Top Lifestyle Classes, 2002
2.66% 3.80%
19.37%
11.79%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
A B
Orange
Masons
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Class Basis of Scottish Orangeism, 1881 & 1991
0.4%4.4%
40.6%
50.2%
6.0% 8.0%
42.0% 44.0%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
Prof Bourgeois Skill Unskill
1881
c. 1991
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Order 'goes native' in Canada but less so in Scotland
• In 1881, 3/4 of 256 lodge masters in Scotland are Irish-born; Thought of as an Irish organisation into the 1930s
• In 1901, just 7% of Ontario sample of 340 masters and few Newfoundland members are Irish-born
• Numerical success and class profile higher in Canada
• Irish Methodists vastly overrepresented in Ontario: a new world adaptation
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Political Influence: Northern Ireland
• Generally ensure Protestant advantage in education, housing, electoral system, marching
• Dungiven controversy, 1953-4: exposes UUP vs Independent Unionist rifts
• O’ Neill, Faulkner, Trimble: Reform is resisted, often successfully, except under Direct Rule
• Orange vote divides between UUP and DUP. No strong pattern in recent research to indicate one or the other
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Orange Victories: Canada
• Refusal to yield to Prince of Wales’ desire for no Orange demonstration, Kingston, 1860
• Manitoba Schools Question, 1890
• Orange incorporation, 1891
• Overturning of Hepburn’s Ontario Separate School bill, 1936
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Orange Division: Canada
• Orange-Green-Bleu alliance, 1830s-1890s, inc. Ogle Gowan. No Orange incorporation.
• Jesuit Estates Act. 1888. Conservatives fail to disallow act.
• Mackenzie Bowell, and ‘Nest of Traitors’, Manitoba Separate School Board, 1890
• Newfoundland Confederation Vote, 1948• Leslie Frost and Ontario Separate School
Funding, 1960
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The 'Orange Letter' Incident• 1948 'Orange Letter' warns of Catholic
conspiracy, driven by Catholic paper, 'The Monitor'
• Resolution was first proposed by men's and women's lodges in Little Catalina:– 'We..have come to the conclusion that the
Roman Catholic Church is endeavouring to dominate Newfoundland. We have reached this conclusion after careful consideration of the results of votes from the various RC settlements during the National Referendum' (1948 report of proceedings)
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Predictors of Confederation Vote, 1948
00.5
11.5
22.5
3
Orange density Avg income % Catholic
Predictor
Sig
nif
ican
ce (
t-st
at)
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Political Division: Scotland
• Sir John Gilmour, Secretary of State for Scotland in 1920s. Opposed Presbyterian clergy over the restriction of Irish immigration
• Fail to stop Orange Incorporation, 1878, despite success of Orange candidates in Glasgow school board elections
• Generally do not affect policy
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Conclusion: Political Influence
• Order influence tied to membership, but only loosely (can lead or lag)
• Order most 'liberal' in Newfoundland, conservative elsewhere
• Orange vote is hard to mobilise behind one party – especially in party systems with cross-cutting cleavages
• Politicians and parties ‘use’ the Order and their Orange membership far more than the reverse (esp. Scotland and Canada, less so N. Ireland)
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Conclusion: An Adaptive Organization
• Irish diaspora ‘ethnicity’ more important than anti-Catholicism in explaining membership patterns in Canada and Scotland
• Convivial, dominant-ethnic, religious and political roles
• Adapts most successfully in Newfoundland, followed by Ontario, Liverpool and then Scotland
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Newfoundland Male Orange Lodges, 1961