Download - The New Republic 1789-1816
How did the United States How did the United States build a government, expand build a government, expand
its territory, and conduct its territory, and conduct foreign policy in its early foreign policy in its early
years?years?
How did debate over the role How did debate over the role of government lead to the of government lead to the
formation of political parties?formation of political parties?
Sec 1: Government and Party Politics
Building the Federal Government Main Idea: The new government started out with enormous problems, including a large national debt, a small military, Spain’s efforts to keep trade closed along the Mississippi River, and British forts still maintained along the Great Lakes. Important tasks for the new republic included electing a president, and setting up the judiciary and Cabinet.
Hamilton’s Plans Stir Debate Main Idea: As a Federalist, Hamilton believed that a strong centralized government was necessary to preserve the Union. However, as he developed plans for paying off the new nation’s great debts, his plans received fierce and vocation opposition from Antifederalists.
Opposing Hamilton Main Idea: Opposition to Hamilton’s plans grew steadily in the South, where the states’ income from agriculture enabled them to pay their share of the country’s debts.
A Two-Party System EmergesMain Idea: The federal government, headed by Washington and Hamilton, sought to secure its power and authority. Meanwhile the opposition, led by Madison and Jefferson, grew stronger.
Problems Faced by Problems Faced by the New the New
GovernmentGovernment Huge war debt from
the Revolutionary War
No permanent capital
No federal officers beyond Washington, John Adams, and the newly elected Congress
The oath of office was administered
in New York City George Washington repeated the
oath of office of President Inauguration: official swearing-in
ceremony Cabinet: leaders of the executive
departments of the federal government
First Inauguration
Administration: staff in the executive branch Precedent: something done or said that
becomes an example, rule, or tradition Established a tone of dignity; Washington
believed that parties and pomp were necessary to command the respect of the world
Elected to second term in 1792 Tradition of being elected for only two terms
President Washington
Leaders President: George
Washington
Vice President: John Adams
The First President
Constitution called for Supreme Court
and smaller ones Left details of organization to
Congress Judiciary Act of 1789 – system of
courts Thirteen federal district courts John Jay was first Chief Justice of the
U.S.
Setting Up the Judiciary
Foreign affairs: relations with
foreign countries; the Secretary of State heads the State Department and coordinated U.S. involvement with foreign countries
Domestic affairs: Issues relating to a country’s internal affairs
Government AffairsGovernment Affairs
Cabinet: officials selected by the
President to head the major departments of the executive branch and to advise the President
Attorney General: Edmund Randolph Secretary of War: Henry Knox Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander
Hamilton
Cabinet
Thomas Jefferson
Planter, lawyer, and diplomat; had served several years as ambassador to France
Writer, inventor, and violinist
Founded the University of Virginia
Alexander Hamilton
Brilliant man Private secretary to
General Washington
Believed that governmental power could accomplish great things
Hamilton and Jefferson in Conflict• Hamilton: strong central government led by wealthy, educated• Jefferson: strong state, local government; people’s participation • Hamilton has Northern support; Jefferson has Southern,
Western
Hamilton and Jefferson Debate
Hamilton’s Economic Plan• U.S. owes millions to foreign countries, private citizens• Plan—pay foreign debt, issue new bonds, assume states’ debt• Some Southern states have paid debts, against taxes to pay for
North
Hamilton’s Program Supported strong
national power Little faith in the
people Felt that government
needed to direct the development of the American economy
Hamilton’s Plan: take on Revolutionary War debts of states
Wanted to charter a Bank of the U.S.
Southern states would support the debt
plan, if northern states would support the plan to locate the capital in the South
Hamilton’s strategy: - Creditors owed money by the
government did not want government to collapse
- Creditors were concerned with the future of the U.S. so they would get paid
Set up a budget payment plan: sell government bonds
DealDeal
Hamilton’s Plan for Restructuring Debt
Hamilton’s Opponents
Washington sided with Hamilton
Thomas Jefferson resigned from the Cabinet in 1793.
Believed that Hamilton was betraying the spirit of the Revolution
Had more faith in the people
Interpretation of Constitution
Strict construction – government should not do anything unless specified in the Constitution
Loose construction – government could do anything that was not forbidden in the Constitution
Payment PlanPayment Plan
Tariff enacted in 1789 to tax imported goods to raise money
1791, congress placed a tax on whiskey
Fund set up to pay creditors slowly, with interest
Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion Corn made into
whiskey Used as a kind of
currency Rebels closed courts
and attacked tax collectors
1794, army of 12,000 men put down the rebellion in Pennsylvania to demonstrate the power of the government
Stood for a more democratic
republic Along with Federalists, they
became the first political parties: a group of people who seek to win elections and hold public office in order to control government policy and programs
Democratic Democratic RepublicansRepublicans
Chapter 2 Section 2Chapter 2 Section 2How did foreign policy How did foreign policy challenges affect political challenges affect political debate and shape American debate and shape American government?government?
The Struggle Over Foreign Policy
Conflict in the Ohio Valley Main Idea: From the forts they maintained along the Great Lakes, the British supplied the Miami Indians and their allies with arms and ammunition. The British hoped to limit American settlement in the Northwest Territory. This led to violent conflict.
American Relations With EuropeMain Idea: While the British were helping Native Americans take a stand against theUnited States, Americans became embroiled in the first major foreign policy event of its short history: the French Revolution.
The Parties Debate Foreign PolicyMain Idea: The Federalists and Antifederalists conflicted over many issues concerning government power. A crisis in France briefly united the nation, but the Alien and Sedition Acts and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions soon revealed the party divisions once again.
The Election of 1800Main Idea: Complications in the election of 1800 forced the House of Representatives to choose between Jefferson and Aaron Burr. Burr had been Jefferson’s running mate, and both men won 73 electoral votes. To avoid another electoral crisis, in 1804 the Constitution was amended to require electors to vote separately for President and Vice President.
French Revolution 1789 French people
overthrew King Louis XVI
During the Reign of Terror, thousands of people were executed,
including King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette
War Federalists opposed
the French Revolution, while Jefferson and his supporters thought of it as an extension of the American Revolution
War broke out between Great Britain and France
America neutral
Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty Washington sided
with Britain in war because of British navy
Britain agreed to leave the forts in Northwest Territory
Expanded trade, but did not solve ship problem of stopping American ships to search for British subjects
Lost support of many Americans
Washington’s Washington’s LegacyLegacy
Washington was famous for his honesty, dignity, an self-control
He was very popular in his first four years
Problems clouded his second term
Many distrusted the government
Many disliked Hamilton’s economic plans
Jefferson resigned in 1793
Divisions in the government developed
Capital City First government was in New
York City Capital moved to Philadelphia in
1790 Residence Act of 1790: 10-
square-mile stretch of land on Virginia-Maryland border
District of Columbia Benjamin Banneker: surveyor Pierre-Charles L’Enfant
developed the city plan with broad streets, the White House for the President’s residence, and the Capitol building for Congress; moved in 1800
U.S. Response to Events in EuropeReactions to the French Revolution• Federalists pro-British; Democratic-Republicans pro-
French• Washington declares neutrality, will not support either
side• Edmond Genêt, French diplomat, violates diplomatic
protocol
Treaty with Spain• Spain negotiates with Thomas Pinckney, U.S. minister
to Britain• Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795, or Treaty of San Lorenzo,
signed:- Spain gives up claims to western U.S. - Florida-U.S. boundary set at 31st parallel- Mississippi River open to U.S. traffic
Washington’s Washington’s Farewell AddressFarewell Address
“[A system of political parties] agitates the Community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, [and] foments [stirs up] occasional riot and insurrection.” 1796
Election of 1796Election of 1796 Washington set a
precedent of serving two terms
John Adams ran against Thomas Jefferson.
Adams elected with Jefferson his Vice President (from different political parties)
John AdamsJohn Adams Second President Lacked the prestige
of Washington Rise of political
parties Threat of war from
abroad with the French over Jay’s Treaty
French began seizing American ships in French harbors
XYZ AffairXYZ Affair French were seizing
American ships X, Y, and Z were
French agents sent by Tallyrand to demand a bribe from America to see him
Americans returned home
Undeclared war with France
Transparency: The XYZ Affair
First Party-Based Elections• 1796, Federalist John Adams elected president
- Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, is vice-president
• Result of sectionalism, placing regional interests above nation
Adams Provokes Criticism
Adams Tries to Avoid War• French see Jay’s Treaty as violation of alliance;
seize U.S. ships• XYZ Affair—French officials demand bribe to see
foreign minister• Congress creates navy department; Washington
called to lead army • Undeclared naval war rages between France,
U.S. for two years
Alien ActAlien Act
President gained the right to imprison or deport citizens of other countries residing in the U.S.
Sedition ActSedition Act Persons who wrote,
published, or said anything “of a false, scandalous, and malicious” nature against the American government or its officials could be jailed or fined
Virginia and Virginia and Kentucky Kentucky
ResolutionsResolutions Jefferson, Madison, and others felt the Sedition Act violated free speech
Legislatures of two states came up with “null and void” idea
Stated that states had the right to judge whether federal laws agreed with the Constitution
NullificationNullification
Principle that a state could declare a federal law “null and void” in a state
Principle unresolved
Prosser’s RebellionProsser’s Rebellion
Gabriel Prosser, a blacksmith, in Richmond, Virginia, led a rebellion. It failed and twenty of them were executed.
Election of 1800Election of 1800
Personal attacks Jefferson versus
Adams Jefferson did not
gain a majority so decided in the House of Representatives
Transfer of PowerTransfer of Power
Peaceful Americans must be
willing to disagree peacefully
Chapter 2 Section 3Chapter 2 Section 3What were the successes and What were the successes and
failures of the Jefferson failures of the Jefferson administrations?administrations?
The Age of Jefferson
Sec 3: The Age of Jefferson
Pursuing Republican Principles Main Idea: Jefferson and his administration set out to do things quite differently from their Federalist predecessors. Jefferson cut taxes but succeeded at cutting the national debt by streamlining government bureaucracy. Federal revenue also surged due to growth in foreign trade and sale of federal lands.
John Marshall’s Supreme CourtMain Idea: John Marshall, a Federalist, became the Chief Justice of the United States in 1801. His four-part legacy and his participation in over 1,000 court decisions made a tremendous impact on the nation’s history.
The Nation ExpandsMain Idea: Jefferson insisted that farm ownership was essential to the freedom of white Americans. Yet, without expansion there would not be enough farms for the rapidly growing population. As a result, Jefferson set his sights on expanding the U.S. to the Pacific.
Jefferson’s Foreign Troubles Main Idea: While Jefferson succeeded in his plans to expand to the west, he faced significant challenges to solidifying the position of the United States as an international power.
Reducing Reducing GovernmentGovernment
Jefferson reversed much of what the Federalists had done, such as presidential style; addressed as “Mr. President”
Reduced taxes Cut the bureaucracy – the departments and
workers that make up the federal government
Slashed the size of the army to 3,000 men Let stand the Bank of the United States
since charter would expire in 1811
Rivals to JeffersonRivals to Jefferson Aaron Burr: Vice
President Alexander
Hamilton, now a lawyer in New York
Burr killed Hamilton in a duel in 1804, ending his political future
Judiciary ActsJudiciary Acts Judiciary Act of 1789: created a
national court system with three circuit courts and thirteen district courts, headed by the Supreme Court
Stated that the Supreme Court would settle differences between state and federal laws
Judiciary ActsJudiciary Acts Judiciary Act of 1801: decreased the
number of Supreme Court justices and increased the number of federal judges. Adams filled the new posts to have more Federalists judges;
Known as midnight judges Angered Jefferson who felt that he
should appoint new judges from his political party
John MarshallJohn Marshall Federalist leader Became Chief
Justice in 1801 and held post for 34 years
Established principle of constitutional law – judicial review
Insisted federal laws were superior to state laws
Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison Adams appointed Marbury as justice of
the peace for the District of Columbia Secretary of State Madison never
delivered the papers Marbury sued Madison Chief Justice Marshall ruled against
Marbury; declared part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
Established the power of judicial review
Judicial ReviewJudicial Review Enables federal courts to review state
laws and court decisions Can decide if laws passed by
Congress are constitutional
The Marshall Court
Louisiana Purchase Northwest Ordinance
of 1787: established a process by which territories could become states
Land Act of 1800: Americans able to buy land in small parcels and on credit
Napoleon, the French ruler, took over much of the Spanish land in the West and charged large sums of money from American traders to use the Mississippi River and New Orleans
Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase France controlled New Orleans Napoleon failed to stop a rebellion in
Haiti Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to
buy New Orleans for $10 million, but he bought all French land for $15 million
Jefferson overcame doubts about constitutionality of buying land and signed purchase
Doubled the size of the U.S.
Lewis and Clark Lewis and Clark ExpeditionExpedition
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the Louisiana Purchase in 1804 to make contact with Native Americans and to gather information about the region’s natural resources
Sacajawea and husband were interpreters
Zebulon PikeZebulon Pike
Traveled as far west as the Rockies and then south into Spanish-held territory between 1806 and 1807
Pike’s Peak
Foreign PolicyForeign Policy Jay’s Treaty expired
in 1805 Great Britain and
France at war again Harassing American
ships; British kidnapping American sailors
Leopard incident – British ship, the Leopard, attacked the U.S.S. Chesapeake, inflicting 21 casualties in search of deserters from the British navy
Barbary War Barbary States of North Africa used
piracy for profit U.S. had paid prote4ction money to
the Barbary States Price increased, so Jefferson
blockaded the port of Tripoli Peace in 1805
Reexport Trade War between Britain and France with
British capturing French merchant ships Americans brought cargoes from French
islands to American ports, and then shipped them to France
British began to confiscate American merchant ships for trading with the French
British began to impress American sailors
The Reexport Trade in Action
Embargo of 1807Embargo of 1807 Outlawed almost all trade with
foreign countries Little effect on British or French trade Americans smuggled goods to Europe
in defiance of the embargo (a restriction of trade)
Jefferson used navy and federal agents to enforce the law
Ruined Jefferson’s second term
Election of 1808Election of 1808
James Madison was elected president
Jefferson retired to his home
Chapter 2 Section 4Chapter 2 Section 4Why did the United States go Why did the United States go to war with Britain, and what to war with Britain, and what was the outcome of that war?was the outcome of that war?
Sec 4: The War of 1812
Gearing Up for WarMain Idea: Democratic Republicans felt humiliated by the failure of the 1807 embargo against Britain. With persistent British abuses on the oceans, and stepped-up Native American resistance in the West, Americans increasingly blamed the British for their problems.
War Breaks OutMain Idea: President Madison urged Congress to declare war on Britain in June of 1812. Disunited, unprepared, and with only a small army and navy, the United States went to war once again with the world’s greatest power.
War’s Aftermath and EffectsMain Idea: After the War of 1812 and Jackson’s victory in New Orleans, Americans experienced a surge of nationalism and a new confidence in the strength of their republic. By weathering a difficult war, the nation seemed certain to endure. Also, westward expansion contributed to a union that was bigger and stronger than ever.
Northwest Northwest Ordinance of 1787Ordinance of 1787
No state northwest of the Ohio River could be a slave state
Missouri not covered by this law Northern congressmen worried that if
Missouri was admitted as a slave state, the balance of power would tip toward the South
War in the Old War in the Old NorthwestNorthwest
American Revolution weakened Iroquois and Cherokee
Miami, Delaware, Shawnee, and other Native American groups grouped to fight expansion
Miamitown 1790 – Little Turtle and Blue Jacket defeat army
Expedition led by Arthur St. Clair defeated
Battles-Army Battles-Army VictoriesVictories
Legion of the U.S. led by General Wayne win at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in Ohio
Native American groups forced to accept Treaty of Greenville
Miami, Delaware, Shawnee, and other groups lost southern two thirds of Ohio
Ohio River no longer a permanent boundary between their land and settlers
Native American Reaction
1. Accept white culture 2. Blending Indian and American
cultures 3. Returning to Indian religious
traditions 4. Taking military actions
Accepting White Accepting White CultureCulture
Little Turtle-leader of the Miami people
Adopted some American customs
Tried to live peacefully with settlers
Blending CulturesBlending Cultures Handsome Lake - a
Seneca called for a rebirth of Seneca culture that would blend customs of both Native Americans and Americans
Urged his people to abandon war and focus on rituals
Returning to Returning to TraditionsTraditions
Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) called for a rejection of European ways and a return to tradition
Established Prophetstown in Indiana; had warlike attitude
Military ActionMilitary Action Tecumseh believed
that Native Americans must unite the Native American groups to fight the Americans; brother of Tenskwatawa
Battle of Tippecanoe – William Henry Harrison was attacked by Tenskwatawa; Prophetstown burned
ResultResult Tecumseh dies in Canada during the
War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames
Tecumseh does not accomplish goal of uniting Native Americans
Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa showed defiance and earned respect for their people and culture
Reasons for WarReasons for War Americans believed the British were
encouraging the Native Americans to attack
War Hawks (Clay and Calhoun) wanted Britain out of North America
British interference with shipping- impressment: the act of forcing
people into military service
Land WarLand War Tried to defeat British in Canada;
defeated by the British in summer of 1812; Americans were poorly equipped and led
Battle of the Thames, 1813, Americans defeated British and Native Americans, including Tecumseh
Naval WarNaval War American vessels outnumbered 20 to
1 Perry defeated British fleet on Lake
Erie, protecting northern border British blockaded coast
BaltimoreBaltimore British
bombarded Fort McHenry
Francis Scott Key watched and wrote the Star-spangled banner
Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.
1814, British ended war with Napoleon
British seized Washington and burned the White House and the Capital
President Madison fled
War EndsWar Ends The Hartford Convention 1814: New
England considered leaving the Union; called for constitutional amendments to increase New England’s political power
Treaty of Ghent -Representatives met in Belgium -All old boundaries between the U.S.
and Britain were restored
Battle of New Battle of New OrleansOrleans
Two weeks after treaty signed
General Andrew Jackson defeated the British
Battle unified country and made Jackson a hero
War of 1812