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The Meninges and Blood Vessels of Brain and Spinal Cord, and the Cerebrospinal Fluid
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The Meninges of Brain and Spinal Cord
The spinal cord and brain are surrounded by three membranes, the meninges. Named from the outside inward they are the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.
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The meninges of spinal cord
Spinal dura mater
Spinal arachnoid mater
Spinal pia mater
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Spinal dura mater
Characters Above, attached to
circumference of foramen
magnum
Below, becomes thinner at
level of S2, invests filum
terminale to attach at back
of coccyx
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Epidural space Position: lies between spinal dura mater and periosteum of vertebral canal Contents: a quantity of loose connective tissue, fat, lymphatic vessels and
vertebral venous plexus, the spinal nerves on each side pass through the epidural space which is applicable for block anesthesia
Subdural space
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Spinal arachnoid mater
Characters A thin, delicate, tubular
membrane loosely investing spinal cord
Above, it is continuous with cerebral arachnoid mater
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Subarachnoid space
Position: lies between pia and arachnoid maters containing cerebrospinal fluid
Terminal cistern : the largest part of subarachnoid space extending from termination of spinal cord to level of S2, where it is occupied by nerves of cauda equina, so it is the best site for a lumbar puncture
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Lumbar spinal puncture (spinal tap)
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Spinal pia mater A delicate vascular membrane
that closely invests the spinal cord
Denticulate ligament: consist of 21 pairs triangular ligaments extending from spinal cord on each side between anterior and posterior roots of spinal nerves to spinal dura mate; these ligaments help to fix position of spinal cord.
Filum terminale: an extension of pia beyond conus medullaris
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The Meninges of Brain
Cerebral dural mater
Cerebral arachnoid mater
Cerebral pia mater
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Cerebral dural mater Characters A thick and dense
inelastic membrane that composed of two layers, an inner or meningeal and outer or endosteal
It is in loose contact with calvaria, and most strongly adherent to base of skull
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Four septa Cerebral falx Tentorium of cerebellum - in front there is a gap, the
tentorial incisure , for passage of midbrain Cerebellar falx Diaphragma sellae
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Sinuses of duramater
Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus Confluence of sinus
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Transverse sinus
Sigmoid sinus
Superior petrosal
sinuses
inferior petrosal
sinuses
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Cavernous sinus Position: lies on each side of sella turcica Relations of cavernous sinus:
Internal carotid artery and abducent nerve run through the sinus Oculomotor and trochlear nerves and ophthalmic and maxillary
divisions of trigeminal nerve lie in the lateral wall of the sinus
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Cavernous sinus nerves
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The flowing of the blood in dural sinus
Sup. sagittal sinus
Inf. sagittal sinus Straight sinus Confluence of sinus Transverse sinus
Cavernous sinus
Sup. petrosal sinus
Inf. petrosal sinus Internal jugular vein
Sigmoid sinus
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Cerebral arachnoid mater
Characters: a delicate membrane covering brain loosely, passing over sulci and entering only cerebral longitudinal and transverse fissures
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Arachnoid granulations - project into sinuses of dura mater, serve as sites where cerebrospinal fluid diffuses into bloodstream
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Subarachnoid cisterns Cerebellomedullary
cistern Interpeduncular cistern Pontine cistern Superior cistern
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Cerebellomedullary cistern
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Cerebral pia mater
Closely invests brain surface, in some areas the pia invaginates into ventricles to take part in the formation of choroids plexus
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Circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Cerebrospinal fluid is a
clear colorless fluid, which acts as a transport medium for nutrients and vaster products and provides a protective fluid cushion for the central nervous system.
Production: produced by the choroids plexuses within the lateral, third and fourth ventricles
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Circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
CSF drains from lateral ventricle interventricular foramina third ventricle
mesencephalic aqueduct fourth ventricle median and two lateral apertures
subarachnoid space arachnoid granulations superior sagittal sinus vein
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Blood vessels of brain and spinal cord
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Arteries of brainTwo sources Internal carotid
artery: supplies anterior 2/3 of cerebral hemisphere and parts of diencephalon
Vertebral artery: supplies postterior 1/3 of cerebral hemisphere and parts of diencephalon, brain stem and cerebellum
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Internal carotid artery
Hypophysial a. Ophtalmic a. Anterior cerebral artery Middle cerebral artery Anterior choroidal artery Posterior communicating
artery
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Anterior cerebral artery
Joined the fellow of the opposite side by the anterior communicating artery
Cortical branches: supply all medial surface of the cerebral cortex as far back as the parietooccipital sulcus and superior border of the suprolateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere
Central branches: supply caudate nucleus, anterior part of lentiform nucleus and anterior limb of internal capsule
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Middle cerebral artery
Cortical branches: supply most of superolateral surface of cerebral hemisphere and insular lobe
Central branches: supply lentiform and caudate nuclei, genu and posterior limb of internal capsule (lenticulostriate artery)
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Anterior choroidal artery:
passes backward, enters
inferior horn of lateral ventricle,
and ends in choroid plexus. It
supplies lateral geniculate
body, posterior limb of internal
capsule, middle 3/5 of crus
cerebri,and globus pallidus Posterior communicating
artery: runs backward to join
posterior cerebral artery
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Vertebral artery Cranial branche
Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Branches of basilar artery Anterior inferior cerebral artery Labyrinthine artery Pontine arteries Superior cerebellar artery Posterior cerebral artery
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Blood Supply to the Brain Stem
The brain stem (medulla, ponsmidbrain) receives the bulk of itsblood supply from the vertebrobasilar system. Exceptfor the labyrynthine branch,all other branches supply thebrain stem and cerebellum
The posterior cerebral has onlya small contribution, its maintarget being the posteriorcerebral hemispheres
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Branches of the Basilar Artery
1. Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries (AICA), originates near the lower borderof the Pons just past the union of thevertebral arteries.
Distribution: a. supplies anterior inferior surface andunderlying white matter of cerebellum b. contributes to supply of centralcerebellar nuclei c. also contributes to upper medullaalso contributes to upper medullaand lower pontine areasand lower pontine areas
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Branches of the Basilar Artery
2. Pontine arteries, numerous smallerbranches that can be subdivided intoParamedian and Circumferential pontinearteries. The Circumferential can be further subdivided into Long and Shortpontine arteries.
Distribution:
a. paramedian pontine - basal pons b. circumferential pontine - lateral ponsand middle cerebellar peduncle, floorof fourth ventricle and pontine tegmentum
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Branches of the Basilar Artery
3. Superior Cerebellar arteries, originatesnear the end of the Basilar artery, close to the Pons-Midbrain junction.
Runs along dorsal surface of cerebellum
Distribution:
a. cerebellar cortex, white matter andcentral nuclei b. Additional contribution to rostralAdditional contribution to rostralpontine tegmentum, superior cerebellarpontine tegmentum, superior cerebellarpeduncle and inferior colliculuspeduncle and inferior colliculus
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Branches of the Basilar Artery
4. Posterior cerebral arteries, the terminalbranches of the Basilar artery. Theyappear as a bifurcation of the Basilar, just past the Superior Cerebellar arteriesand the oculomotor nerve.
Curves around the midbrain and reachesthe medial surface of the cerebralhemisphere beneath the splenium of thecorpus callosum
Distribution: a. mainly neocortex and diencephalonb. some contribution to interpeduncularsome contribution to interpeduncularplexusplexus
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Branches of the Basilar Artery
5. Labyrynthine arteries, may branchfrom the basilar, but variable in its origin. Supplies the region of the innerear
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Posterior cerebral artery Cortical branches:
supply medial and inferior surfaces of temporal lobe and occipital lobe
Central branches: supply dorsal thalamus, medial and lateral geniculate bodies, hypothalamus and subthalamus
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Cerebral arterial circle ( circle of Willis )
Formation: formed by anterior communicating artery, both anterior cerebral arteries, internal carotid arteries, posterior communicating arteries, and posterior cerebral arteries
Position: lies on sella turcica around optic chiasma, tuber cinereum and mamillary bodies
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Blockage
Area of oxygendeprives brain
Thrombus
Plaque
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Microaneurysm
Lenticulostriate arteries
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Intracerebral hemorhage
Arteriovenous malformation
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Classification of cerebral vein
Superficial cerebral veins Superior cerebral veins Inferior cerebral veins Superficial middle cerebral veins
Deep cerebral veins Internal cerebral vein Basal vein (Rosenthal) Great cerebral vein (Of Galen)
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Veins of brain
Superficial cerebral veins Drain blood from cortex
and subcortical medullary substance and empty into adjacent sinuses of dura mater
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Veins of brain
Deep cerebral veins: drain deeper parts of hemispheres, basal nuclei, internal capsule, diencephalon and choroid plexus, ultimately form great cerebral vein which enter straight sinus
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