Download - The Manoeuvring Envelope
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
1/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull
1
The Manoeuvring Envelope
The placard, structure and flight
limitations
Part 2
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
2/28
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
3/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull
3
L o a
d F
a c t o
r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
4/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull
4
L o a
d F
a c t o
r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
StallLine
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
5/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull
5
L o a
d F
a c t o
r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FLIGHT NOT
POSSIBLEFLIGHT
POSSIBLE
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
6/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull
6
L o a
d F
a c t o
r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
StallLine
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
7/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull
7
L o a
d F
a c t o
r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
StallLine
LoadFactor
Stallspeed(Kt)
0 0
0.1 12
0.25 19
0.5 27
1.0 38
1.035 39
1.15 41
1.41 45
2 54 3.8 74
5.76 91
11.5 129
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
8/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull
8
L o a
d F
a c t o
r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
StallLine
LoadFactor
Stallspeed(Kt)
0 0
0.1 12
0.25 19
0.5 27
1.0 38
1.035 39
1.15 41
1.41 45
2 54 3.8 74
5.76 91
11.5 129
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
9/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull
9
L o a
d F
a c t o
r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
StallLine
LoadFactor
Stallspeed(Kt)
0 0
0.1 12
0.25 19
0.5 27
1.0 38
1.035 39
1.15 41
1.41 45
2 54 3.8 74
5.76 91
11.5 129
Vs=1gstall speed
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
10/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull
10
L o a
d F
a c t o
r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
StallLine
LoadFactor
Stallspeed(Kt)
0 0
0.1 12
0.25 19
0.5 27
1.0 38
1.035 39
1.15 41
1.41 45
2 54 3.8 74
5.76 91
11.5 129
Typicalcamberedaerofoil, workspoorly upsidedown
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
11/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull 11
L o a
d F
a c t o
r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
12/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull 12
L o a
d F
a c t o
r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160Normalgravity
VD
Design dive speed
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
13/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull 13
L o a
d F
a c t o
r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
VD
Design dive speed
Several calculations to derive V D.
Gliders built under JAR-22 areeither utility or aerobatic category.
VNE and not V D appears on theplacard
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
14/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull 14
L o a
d F
a c t o
r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
VDVelocity never exceed
.
VNE
VNE is usually 90% of V D
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
15/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull 15
L o a
d F
a c t o
r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
VDDemonstrated design speed
.
VNE
VDF is approximately95% of V DDuring test flying, theglider is flown to theDemonstrated designSpeed
VDF
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
16/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull 16
L o a
d F
a c t o
r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
VD
.
VNEVDF
LIMIT LOADS
JAR-22 sets+4g As the limit load forCategory U
gliders at V D, and5.3g at the stall line
n 2
n 1
n 3
n 4
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
17/28
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
18/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull 18
L o a
d F
a c t o
r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
.
n 2
n 1
n 3
n 4
UCategory
Acategory
n1 +5.3 +7.0 n2 +4.0 +7.0 n3 -1.5 -5.0 n4 -2.65 -5.0
Envelope corners
Limit load
Limit load
7
-5
A Category
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
19/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull 19
L o a
d F
a c t o
r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
.
7
8
The factor of safety required by JAR-22 isthe limit loadmultiplied by1.5.
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
20/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull 20
L o a
d F
a c t o
r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
.
VA
5.3
The maximummanoeuvring speedV A, is where the 5.3glimit line crosses thestall line
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
21/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull 21
L o a
d F
a c t o
r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
.
SUMMARY
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
22/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull 22
The Gust Envelope
The placard, structure and flightlimitations
Part 3
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
23/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull 23
L o a
d F
a c
t o r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
.
A very sudden gustWill not instantlyStall the wing
Creation of the gust envelope
Briefly the wing canProduce 25% moreLift.
Load factors canIncrease by 25%As a result
VNEVD
Stall line revised
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
24/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull 24
L o a
d F
a c
t o r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
.
Creation of the gust envelope
VNEVD
JAR-22.333 At VB sailplane
must be capableOf withstandingpositive up andnegative downgusts of 15 m/s
This is defined As a strong gust And is about 30kts
VB
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
25/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull 25
L o a
d F
a c
t o r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
.
Creation of the gust envelope
VNEVD
Rough air is allair in lee-wave
rotors,thundercloudsvisible whirlwindsor over mountaincrests
VB
VA cannot be moreThan VB
In practice they areoften very close.
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
26/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull 26
L o a
d F
a c
t o r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
.
Creation of the gust envelope
VNEVD
VBStrong gusts arenot an issue upto VB(Max Rough Air)
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
27/28
-
8/13/2019 The Manoeuvring Envelope
28/28
28 February 2008 D S Puttock based on the work ofWG Scull 28
L o a
d F
a c
t o r , n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
Kt
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
.
Creation of the gust envelope
VNEVD
VBEXAMPLE
Sailplane at 110ktsmeets a weak gust.
Effect of gust
Effect ofNormal flight
If the glider pulls3g in a loop, atthe same moment.The aircraft will beOutside the placardedLimits.
AdditionalEffect of loop