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The impact of national culture and economic ideology on managerial work values: a study of the United
States, Russia, Japan, and China
David A Ralston1, David H Holt2, Robert H
Terpstra3 and Yu Kai-Cheng4
2007 DECADE AWARD WINNING ARTICLE
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תרבות עסקית
Hofstedeאפיין את המשפחות התרבותיות עסקיות שהוגדרו על ידי Trompenhaarsוהועמקו על ידי
?מה השוני העיקרי בין תרבות עסקית של ארבעת המדינות
? מה בודק המאמר ולאיזו מסקנות הוא המאמר
?מהן ההשלכות העסקיות
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HOFSTEDE INDEX
Uncertainty
Avoidance
Masculinity Individualism Power
Distance
65 66 67 35 Germany
35 66 89 35 U.K.
86 43 71 68 France
92 95 46 54 Japan
46 62 91 40 USA
68 53 38 80 Arab
Countries
81 47 54 13 Israel
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
PDI IDV MAS UAI LTO
CHINA
USA
JAPAN
GERMANY
UK
FRANCE
WORLD
Source: ITIM 2003
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Sweden
U.S.
Ireland
UK
Denmark
Germany
Netherlands
Japan
Singapore
China
France
Taiwan
South Korea
Universalism
Particularism
Universalism—Particularism
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United States
Denmark
Netherlands
UK
Sweden
Germany
Ireland
China
Taiwan
France
Singapore
South Korea
Japan
Individualism
Communitarian
Individualism—Communitarian (cont’d)
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Japan
China
South Korea
Singapore
Taiwan
Sweden
Netherlands
United Kingdom
USA
Germany
Denmark
France
Ireland
Venezuela
Spain
Egypt
Kuwait
Neutral
Emotional
Neutral—Emotional (cont’d)
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national culture and economic ideology. the convergence–divergence–crossvergence (CDC) framework National Culture East-West contrast Eastern cultures, place similar Importance of the group in society the Judeo-Christian emphasis on personal achievement the good of-the-group (Collectivism) in the East versus the good-of-the-individual (Individualism) in the West.
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Economic Ideology capitalism a self-serving economic system socialistic philosophy good of all is everyone’s concern Convergence theory perspective Those who believe that economic ideology drives values Socialistic economics, would subsequently be expected to assimilate ideologically driven values common to industrialized, capitalistic Divergence approach National culture, not economic ideology, drives values Crossvergence: Melting pot philosophy of values formation will be an integration of cultural and ideological influences
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Hofstede’s (1980) initial analysis of the Individualism– Collectivism values construct – our dependent measure, the United States scored highest Japan did score higher than Hong Kong and Taiwan Japanese interpretation of capitalism is not identical to the US model. Russia is quite similar to the US in being heterogeneous and largely European in its history and cultural characteristics (Dobrokhotov,
1993.) ) To assign China to the socialism side of the economic ideology continuum, as well as the Eastern side of the East-West national culture continuum.
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The Ten Universal Schwartz-Value Survey (SVS) Motivational
Subdimensions
The SVS consists of fifty-six items. Each of the fifty six items is measured with a nine-point Likert scale that ranged from opposed to my values [-1] through important [3] to of supreme importance [7]. ten universal subdimensions I-Power I-Achievement I-Hedonism: pleasure or sensuous gratification for oneself. I-Stimulation I-Self-direction Universalism C-Benevolence C-Tradition C- Conformity Security
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Convergence scores on the Individualism measures for the US. and Japan – who share the same economic ideology scores for Russia and China cannot differ significantly. scores on Individualism for the US and Japan must be significantly higher than those for Russia and China. Divergence scores US and Russia – who share a common Western culture – cannot differ significantly scores for Japan and China cannot differ significantly. scores for the US and Russia must be significantly higher than those for Japan and China. Crossvergence different US highest on the Individualism measures and for China lowest. Japan and Russia fall between those of the US and China,
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Hypothesis: The relationships among the US, Russia, Japan, and China will indicate crossvergence with a national culture-dominant effect Hypothesis Tests of the Three Higher-Order Dimensional Continual support the crossvergence with national culture-dominant hypothesis. the American managers scored higher than the Russians, the Russians scored higher than the Japanese, and the Japanese scored higher than the Chinese. Russia will be more likely than China to adopt more fully the current Western capitalism ideology of the US
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Crossvergence different US highest on the Individualism measures and for China lowest. Japan and Russia fall between those of the US and China,
Divergence scores for Japan and China cannot differ significantly. scores for the US and Russia must be significantly higher than those for Japan and China.
Convergence scores for Russia and China cannot differ significantly. scores on Individualism US and Japan higher than those for Russia and China
Cr, D
D
D
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C
Cr?
C Cr\======
=
C
C
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C,D?
Cr?
D?
Cr?
?
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Individualism–collectivism subdimensions. US managers higher (Power, Achievement, Hedonism, Stimulation, Self-Direction) while the Chinese managers scored higher on the Collectivism subdimensions (Benevolence, Tradition, Conformity). the Power and Benevolence subdimension both the Chinese and US managers’ scores were high and not significantly different from one another. Power (Ind) and Benevolence (Coll)) findings might be indicators of a convergence trend. Chinese seek to embrace the ‘‘new way’’ of capitalism, as epitomized by Individualism values, without forsaking traditional Confucian-based cultural values. Japan’s case could be referred to as cultural-based Collectivism. Russia scoring high ideology-based Collectivism.
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Openness-to-change-conservation subdimensions Russian and Japanese scores US score and significantly above the Chinese score Tradition and Conformity, Russia was significantly lower than Japan, Japanese managers’ higher scores on Conformity and Tradition. Self-enhancement-self-transcendence subdimensions. US managers had the highest scores on Self-Enhancement Japanese scored relatively high on Universalism when compared to the Chinese and significantly lower than the Chinese on Benevolence. Japanese managers scored lower than the US managers on Hedonism, they both scored significantly higher than the Russian and Chinese managers Correlation Hedonism and economic development