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The Human Body: Anatomical Regions, Directions, and Body
Cavities
Credit: Carlos J Bidot Author 2006Revised 2010
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Anatomical Position
• Body erect • Feet slightly apart• Palms facing forward • Thumbs point away
from body
Figure 1.7a
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Directional Terms
• Superior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively
• Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body
• Medial, lateral, and (intermediate) – toward the midline, away from the midline, and (between a more medial and lateral structure)
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Directional Terms
• Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body
• Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface
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Directional Terms Table 1.1
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Directional Terms Table 1.1
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Regional Terms: Anterior View
• Axial – head, neck, and trunk
• Appendicular – appendages or limbs
• Specific regional terminology
Figure 1.7a
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Regional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b
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Body Planes• Sagittal – divides the body into right and
left parts• Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that
lies on the midline• Frontal or coronal – divides the body into
anterior and posterior parts (front and back)
• Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts
• Oblique section – cuts made diagonally
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Body Planes pg. 22 in book pg.13 in lab manual
Figure 1.8
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Anatomical Variability
• Humans vary slightly in both external and internal anatomy
• Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but:–Nerves or blood vessels may be
somewhat out of place–Small muscles may be missing
• Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seen
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.9a
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Body Cavities• Posterior (Dorsal) cavity protects the
nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions–Cranial cavity is within the skull and
encases the brain–Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral
column and encases the spinal cord• Anterior (Ventral) cavity houses the internal
organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: - Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities
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Body CavitiesFigure 1.9b
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Sub Cavities for the Ventral Cavities
1. Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity
–Pleural cavities – each houses a lung–Mediastinum – contains the pericardial
cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
–Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart
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2. Abdominopelvic - The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm• It is composed of two subdivisions
–Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
–Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
• Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
• Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
• Serous fluid separates the serosae (A serous membrane, especially one that lines the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities, enclosing their contents)
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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10a
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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10b
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Other Body Cavities
• Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs
• Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose
• Orbital – house the eyes• Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that
transmit sound vibrations• Synovial – joint cavities
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Abdominopelvic Regions
• Umbilical• Epigastric• Hypogastric• Right and left iliac
or inguinal• Right and left
lumbar• Right and left
hypochondriacFigure 1.11a
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Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11b
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
• Right upper (RUQ)
• Left upper (LUQ)
• Right lower (RLQ)
• Left lower (LLQ)
Figure 1.12