Download - The Hopi Tribe Water Resources Program
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The Hopi Tribe Water Resources Program
By Shirley Piqosa Nonpoint Source Coordinator
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History The Hopi Reservation is located in northeastern Arizona on the Colorado Plateau which consists of approximately 2.5 million acres. These lands include the main Hopi Reservation, Moenkopi District, Hopi 3 Canyon Ranches, and future tribal acquisition Lands. Hopi tribal enrollment is approximately 14,700 members who occupy 12 isolated villages & 2 communities. The most important industries on the reservation are Hopi Arts & Crafts, tourism, livestock ranching, recreation, and the Tribal & Federal Government.
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Hopi Reservation
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Orayvi, also known as Old Oraibi, was founded sometime before the year 1100 AD, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements within the United States. In the 1540s the village had 1,500–3,000 residents. Oraibi is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.
Orayvi Village, circa 1899
Modern Day Orayvi
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Hopi Springs
First Mesa ceremonial Flute Spring
Hopi Springs are important water sources for drinking, Hopi gardens & orchard irrigation, and are ceremonial sites for Hopi cultural practices. These springs have long been used throughout the generations and are very important to the Hopi people to protect and preserve these sites for future use.
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Historical Hopi terrace garden photos at Hotevilla.
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Corn Beans
Squash Pumpkins
Melons Chile
Onions Gourds
Dyes Grapes Peaches Apricots Apples
The Hopi Reservation is an arid dry environment that only receives 8-12 inches of rain per year. Ancestral people have farmed this land intermittently for nearly a thousand years.
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Hopi people have relied for centuries on springs that bring water from large
underground reservoirs. Here, pack mules are being prepared to carry filled water
vessels up to the mesas above.
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The Hopi Tribe Water Resources Program Nonpoint Source Pollution Management
EPA Clean Water Act, Section 319
FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2009 FY 2010
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Hopi Springs Sediment Reduction Project
Second Mesa • Toreva Spring • Lomeva Spring
Third Mesa
• Hotevilla Springs (3) • Bacavi Spring and Terrace Gardens
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Sipaulovi and Mishongnovi Villages
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Hotevilla Village
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Bacavi Village
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The purpose of the Sediment Reduction Project was to identify sources of storm water runoff and sediment erosion, which contribute to poor water quality at the springs and to correct them.
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• Site assessment • Topographic surveys • Aerial photography • Hydrologic models
Determining Sources of Sediment and
Storm Water Runoff
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The main problems seen at the springs were:
• Poor water drainage • Foot trails in surrounding areas resulting as water channels
during wet seasons and directing runoff into springs • Springs are sunken and below ground levels causing sediment
erosion to settle in these low laying areas • Continual “outhouse” use on the mesa above some of the
springs
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Hopi Springs Project Objectives: • Identify major runoff areas and flow routes that impact the springs
• Generate alternatives for rerouting, storing, and/or reducing intense
storm flows which causes damage
• Identify alternatives for stabilizing existing high areas of erosion
• Reduce the nitrate levels in spring water by addressing unconsolidated waste and outhouse issues
• Incorporating the unique cultural aspects of the area and Hopi society into all aspects of the design alternatives
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Following the analysis of the site surveys, options for alternative developments were recommended and presented to village members for comment. After a preferred choice was made, local community members were selected and appointed to carry out the new improvements.
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Toreva Spring
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Many problem areas contribute to sedimentation at Toreva Spring
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Major Issues seen at Toreva Spring
• Nearby foot trails created water channels during wet seasons • No adequate drainage for storm water to pass Toreva • The stone retaining wall upstream from the spring had been breeched, allowing runoff to travel directly towards it • Sediment was beginning to deposit outside the spring wall and also in the spring • A sewer line grade created another drainage channel towards Toreva • Parking lots from neighboring buildings drained directly towards it •Undersized culverts were overwhelmed during high runoff events, allowing excess water to drain into the spring • Existing sediment retention basin was full
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Foot Trails
Toreva Spring ↓
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Foot trails result as water channels during periods of high storm water flow and deposits into Toreva
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Breeched Retaining Wall
Spring ↘
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Toreva Spring ↓
↑ ↑ ↑ Water Flow
Looking down gradient ↓
↑ Looking up gradient
Toreva Spring →
Water Flow ↘ ↘ ↘
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Spring ↓
Sewer Line Grade
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Spring ↓
Parking Lots
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Undersized culverts and sediment build up
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← Spring
Undersized culverts and sediment build up
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Sediment Retention Basin
Toreva ↘
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Incorporating the traditional Hopi masonry style into these projects was important to village members
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Excavation of existing sediment retention basin -Removal of 185 cubic yards
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Culvert →
Drainage
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Toreva Spring Before
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Toreva Spring After
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Before ↓
After ↓
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Lomeva Spring
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Major Issues seen at Lomeva Spring
• Retaining wall around Lomeva was below grade • Sediment was beginning to deposit outside the spring wall and also in the terrace gardens • Head-cut threatened to erode to gardens • Reclaimed dump area had no outlet channel • Poor drainage routing on Sunlight Mission Road
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Water Drainage Pattern
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Retaining wall below grade
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Sediment deposits around Lomeva
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Headcut threatens to erode to terrace gardens
Sediment beginning to settle in gardens
↗ Gardens
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Reclaimed dumpsite has no outlet channel
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Top of Sunlight Mission Road
Water traveling at high velocities during intense water runoff events caused sediment erosion which eventually deposited into Lomeva Spring located below.
Sediment Erosion
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Spring ↓
Erosion continues down towards Lomeva
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Drainage
• Maintain existing culvert • Add two additional head wall drainages • Divert flow off upper portion of Sunlight Mission Road with rolling dips
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Easy as 1, 2, 3!!
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Aggregate application to Sunlight Mission Road was important to help reduce water capacity and velocity towards Lomeva.
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Prep work on Sunlight Mission Road which is approximately 2 miles Top of Road
↑ Bottom of Road
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Avery Pavinyama, Hopi Water Resource Technician II, provided assistance by operating the water truck to aid in dust control and provide moisture for road bed.
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First Load!
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With the new road modifications, local school busses have better access during wet seasons.
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Maintenance of existing culvert
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Installation of 2 new head wall drainages uphill from Lomeva near old dumpsite and new outlet channel.
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1st culvert complete!!
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Installation of a rock water bar will help slow water flow and divert water away from the spring.
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2nd culvert complete!
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Hotevilla Springs
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3 Springs
• Upper Spring • Main Spring • Lower Spring
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Project Site Overview
Mesa Area - Outhouse & Debris - Re-vegetation
Springs & Hillside - Runoff Control - New Catchment Pond - Re-vegetation
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Major Issues seen at Hotevilla Springs
• High nitrate concentrations in spring waters, in part, emanating from pit privy outhouses and unconsolidated waste up gradient from the springs • Gully erosion on slopes above springs • Poor water drainage • Dune sand adjacent to the upper spring caused sedimentation build up
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Gullies
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Addressing unconsolidated waste issues
19 outhouses removed
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Rock wall construction on the rim will aid in capturing drifting blow sand from going over the edge towards the springs
Construct 90 ft of new wall to replace failing cement-block wall
Add 1 row of stones to 15 ft of existing wall.
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Rim rock wall construction
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Installation of waterbars on trails and access road will divert flows away from the springs and reduce erosion
Waterbars
Rock Waterbars: Install 3 in upper trail and 2 in lower trail.
Earthen Waterbars: Install 2 in access road.
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Draining Main Spring to begin new storage and protection modifications
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W A T E R B A R S
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Progress!!
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← Before
After →
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Before After
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Before After
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Before After
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Bacavi Spring and Terrace Gardens
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Major Issues seen at Bacavi Spring and Terrace Gardens
• Runoff from the canyon rim carried sediment to spring pool • Terrace garden walls were destabilized due to storm water runoff • A large head cut near abandoned the Well House caused excess sediment to fill spring pools in lower portion of slope • A rim road contributes to high runoff towards the spring and gardens
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Multiple sources of runoff and sediment
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The area above the spring has multiple roads and trails which direct runoff towards head of canyon. The roads are highly compacted and incised below the general grade. They capture and speed up runoff.
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High runoff caused destabilization of terrace garden walls
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H E A D C U T
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Stonemasons constructing new rock walls that will divert storm water around the spring pond
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Restoring and reinforcing terrace garden walls
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Filling the
headcut
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Placing erosion control fabric on the filled headcut was important to help prevent further erosion to hillside
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Abandoned Road The abandoned road leading to the well house contributed runoff towards the terrace gardens and other springs located at the lower portion of the canyon.
The road was closed off and straw waddles were placed down the hill grade. The area was then reseeded with native grasses and shrubs.
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A rolling dip was put on the rim road and a drainage channel was dug to help divert storm water from the upper portion of project area.
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Before After
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← Rainstorm runoff
Runoff now diverted around spring pool →
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Challenges
• First, staffing was an issue in the Water Resources Program. The NPSC position changed personnel during the course of the projects and was vacant for a long time. •Second, it took quite a bit of time to get the villages comfortable with the concept of making significant changes to the springs. •Third, lack of communication. It was difficult to get good attendance at the village meetings that were held. Often residents were surprised when work began which caused bad feelings in some cases.
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In retrospect, it would be better to start meeting with the villages at least a year or more in advance of submitting a funding proposal to give them plenty of time to discuss the plan amongst themselves and become comfortable with it. We only met with the villages a few months in advance of submitting the proposals and a very large percentage of the residents didn’t know what we were doing. Hiring local village residents to carry out the project developments helped by creating employment for locals and greatly reduced graffiti and damages to the springs. Finding a local resident who could act as an on-site supervisor and as a liaison between the Water Resources Program and the village was also a big help. The biggest pitfall was a lack of communication! So the biggest take home lesson is communication and community buy in are critical to a successful project!
Final Points
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A big THANK YOU goes out to all the individuals who helped make these projects a success!!
• Berl Dawahonya • Geoffery Antone • Kevin D. Nevayaktewa • Alph Coochwytewa • Reuben Pawytewa • Woody Coochwytewa • Sean Bahnimptewa • Lewis Quiyo • Robert Harris • Glenn Naqua-Hyeoma • Dion Tawahongva • Adkin Kuwanyaioma • Elmo Nevayaktewa • Lamar Honyaktewa • Nathaniel Selestewa • Anthony Honanie
• Larson Onsae Jr. • Micheal Sakinema • Ramsey Uqualla • Robert Tenakhongva • Wilford Duwyenie • Arles Aragon • Lean Monongye • Raynard Nasingoetewa • Roger Nasevaema Jr. • Craig Masayesva • Marvin Sekayesva • Norman Albert • Reginald Selestewa • Roy Masayesva • Eric Chapman • Edgar Rogers
• Jared Quomahongnewa • Eldrice Mansfield • Bobby Saddleblanket • Hershal Talashoma Jr. • Christopher Joshvema • Eloy Wytewa • Clyde Harvey • Virgil Torres • Steven Silas • Bobby Kewanimptewa • Leroy Kewanimptewa
Jr. • Pedro Espinoza
Askwali, Kwakwai !!
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The Hopi Tribe Water Resources Program P.O. Box 123
Kykotsmovi, AZ 86039 (928) 734-3712
(928) 734-3609 fax www.thehopitribe.org
Lionel Puhuyesva -Director Uberta Mowa -Grants Administrator Ruby Quotshinma -Secretary Jim Duffield -Hydrogeolgist
Avery Pavinyama -Water Technician II Max Taylor -Water Technician I Shirley Piqosa -NPS Coordinator