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THE GERMAN INVASION OF FRANCE, AUGUST-OCTOBER 1870
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GEOFFREY WAWRO OFFERS SOME CONTROVERSIAL CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR:
1. That Moltke was the moderate in his debates with Bismarck in December 1870, but that their roles had reversed in January 1871 (279-80, 290).
2. That French republicans displayed “paranoid” and “totalitarian” leanings.
3. That Bismarck’s judgment was clouded by anti-French prejudice (239, 300-01).
4. That France quickly developed a strong consensus in favor of moderate republicanism, while the desire for “revenge” soon faded (310-11).
5. That the war saddled Germany with “a military despotism cloaked in parliamentary forms” (302) and “empowered a whole class of militarists who linked Germany’s health to war and expansion” (312).
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THE ENCIRCLEMENT OF THE FRENCH ARMY AT SEDAN,
SEPTEMBER 1, 1870 (compare Wawro, 214)
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Bismarck accompanies Napoleon III to meetKing William I on the morning of September 2, 1870
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Massive bombardment of Strasbourg on the Rhine caused its surrender on September 28, 1870
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The Provisional Government of the Third Republic, led by Jules Ferry and Jules Favre, 4 September 1870
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Ernest Meissonier, “The Siege of Paris” (1870-1884):An appeal for resistance in the spirit of the Gauls (Wawro, 255)
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“The Balloon” (November 1870),celebrating the escape of Leon
Gambetta (1838-1882):Was he really “totalitarian” or
“paranoid”? (Wawro, 233-4, 251)
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Narcisse Chaillou, “The Rat Butcher” (Paris in
November 1870)
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Anton von Werner, “The German Headquarters in Versailles” (December 1870): Bismarck & the Crown
Prince argue with Moltke and Roon….
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Ruined houses and shops in the St. Cloud district of Paris after German bombardment
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Alphonse Neuville, “Le Bourget,” a failed sortie from Paris on December 21, 1870 (Wawro, 280-81)
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Wilhelm I hailed as German Kaiser, Versailles, January 18, 1871
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John Trumbull, “The Declaration of Independence” (1819)
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Eugen Adam, “The German Flag is Hoisted at Fort Vauves, Outside Paris, January 19, 1871”
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“Happy New Year!”(Kladderadatsch, January 1, 1871):In Faust, Goethe
terms Mephistopheles “A part of that power Which always seeks evil, Yet always does
good.”Napoleon III had
sought “Germany’s downfall,” but from
the cauldron Wilhelm I emerges as “Kaiser”
with the orb and scepter of dominion.
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WAR & CIVIL WAR IN FRANCE:THE PARIS COMMUNE
18 September 1870: Siege of Paris begins.
28 January 1871: Armistice between France & Germany.
8 February: National elections favor monarchists, because they call for peace.
1 March: National Assembly approves peace treaty ceding Alsace-Lorraine.
18 March: Fighting breaks out when Versaillais troops attempt to seize the cannon of the Paris National Guard.
26 March: Elections for the Paris Commune.
21-28 May 1871: The “Bloody Week” (Commune falls).
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The German victory parade down the Champs Elysées, March 1, 1871
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“France Signing the Preliminary Peace Terms” (March 1871)
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Louis XIV seized parts of Alsace from the Holy Roman Empire
in 1667;Louis XV inherited
Lorraine in 1766.
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The borders of the German Empire, 1871-1918
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Adolphe Thiers (1797-1877): Former premier underthe July Monarchy, head of the provisional government in 1871
“The Two Republics” (1872):
“Respectable” vs. “Red”Thiers argued that “today the Republic is the state
form that divides us least.”
But he warned
radicals, “The
Republic will be
conser-vative,
or it will not be.”
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Barricade on Puebla Boulevard
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“Paris Burning” (1871)
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The Suppression of the Paris Commune, May 21-28, 1871
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The destruction of City Hall
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“CRIMES OF THE COMMUNE:The assassination of the hostages in La Roquette
Prison, May 24, 1871” (including Archbishop Darboy)
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H.F.E. Philippoteaux, “The Last Fighting at Père Lachaise” (1871)
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Ernest Pichio, “The Triumph of Order” (1877)
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THE FRENCH CONSTITUTIONAL COMPROMISE OF 1875
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Dedication of the Victory Column, Berlin-Tiergarten, September 2, 1873
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Constitution of 1871
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“For his 60th Birthday” (March 28, 1875):Bismarck as Atlas,
bearing the weight of both “the German
Reich” and “Foreign Affairs.”
Does Wawro contradict himself regarding Bismarck’s role?
See pp. 279-80, 290-91, 300-05.
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The Great Powers of Europe in 1880
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FRANCE GREAT BRITAIN GERMANY ???
THIRD REPUBLIC
(1870-1940): A weak president
appoints the premier, who is “responsible” to the Chamber of
Deputies.Indirectly elected Senate (with rural
voters over-represented) retains veto
power.
1832: Great Reform Act
abolishes rotten boroughs
1871: Universal manhood
suffrage for new Reichstag, but states retain three-class
suffrage
1867: 2nd Reform Act makes 40% of
all men voters
1884: 3rd Reform Act makes 60% of
all men voters
Chancellor & army are
responsible only to Kaiser.1911: Parliament
Act abolishes veto power for the House of
Lords
WESTERN EUROPE WAS BECOMING DEMOCRATIC BY 1880
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Austria-Hungary
RussiaOttoman Empire
1867: Dual Monarchy
created, with home rule for Hungary, but
suffrage is restricted, and the parliaments in Vienna and Budapest are
often paralyzed
Tsar Alexander II (1855-81)
abolishes serfdom, ordains trial by jury and elected county councils. Assassinated by
the “People’s Will.”
1839-76: Tanzimat reforms
bring Western-style law courts
and property rights
1876/7: Constitu-tional monarchy
Alexander III revives
“autocracy”(1881-1894)
1877-1909: Defeat by Russia inspires Sultan
Abdul Hamid II to restore
absolutism
EASTERN EUROPE MADE NO PROGRESS TOWARD DEMOCRACY