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The Etruscans
By Keenen Maguire
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Somewhere between 900 and 800 BC, the Italian
peninsula was settled by a
mysterious people called the Etruscans.
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We don't know where the Etruscans came from, but archaeologists suspect that they came from the eastern
Mediterranean, possibly Asia Minor.
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The majority of that area today is known as the country of Turkey.
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The Italian peninsula is located in Europe, while most of the country of Turkey is located in Asia.
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They settled on the west coast of Italy that is now Tuscany.
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They resembled the Phoenicians in that they were traders and sailors and founded towns
on the coast.
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They were also very skilled in carving ornaments out of gold, silver, and bronze.
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We will never really know where they came from or why they colonized Italy. We do know that when they came to
Italy, they brought civilization and urbanization with them.
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Civilization means the process where people leave their primitive and savage lives and tend to group together under
a state of laws and behavior that are acceptable to all.
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Urbanization is the changing from a rural to a city type of lifestyle.
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We have very little literary evidence about the Etruscans, because nobody in those days bothered to
write about them.
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We must therefore fall back upon archeological evidence to get a picture of what kind of people the Etruscans
were and how they lived.
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They probably came from the mountainous regions of Anatolia and the Caucasus where they were
"Tyrrhenians."
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Around 800 B.C. they were driven
from their lands by some other Asiatic tribe and tried to migrate to Egypt.
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The Pharaohs, then at the height of their power, drove them out…
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out…so they crossed the Mediterranean Sea to Italy.
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Some finally settled in Tuscany, which the Etruscans called "Etruria“.
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Some went on to Sardinia, the Balearic Islands, and Spain.
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Originally, the Etruscans were probably pirates and raided Phoenician merchant ships.
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The Phoenicians protected their merchant ships with their war ships.
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The Tyrrhenian Sea. (named after the Etruscans who were also called Tyrrhenians)
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Being astute merchants, they had commercial
relations with the Carthaginians and the Greeks, whose dress they often imitated.
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They sailed to the ports of Spain, the Balearic Islands, and Asia Minor.
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The Etruscans believed in gods and dreaded their anger. They therefore observed rites to soothe it, offering
animals in sacrifices.
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They were strong believers in divination – that is to say, the art of knowing the will of the gods.
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The Etruscans had a great cult for the dead, whom they buried in underground rooms which were often
grandiose and magnificently painted.
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The Etruscans left many writings on tombstones, tablets, cups, and vases.
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The Etruscan cities, like those of the Greeks, were independent of each other.
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They were small states, each governed by a leader called the Lucumone.
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Each had to provide for its own defense in case of war: for
this reason the Etruscan towns
were situated on isolated hills and surrounded by strong walls.
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The boundaries of a town were square. When the Etruscans founded a town, they used a plow to mark the furrow along which
the foundations of the wall were to be laid. At some points the plow was raised out of the ground to leave a gap for the gates.
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The Etruscans brought house-building methods with them from Asia.
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The houses were square and the
windows looked on to an inside courtyard.
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Instead of a vault, they used an architrave (horizontal piece of wood) to support the roof or the floor above.
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The building techniques were later adapted by the Romans.
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As the Etruscans liked to live in comfort, their houses were furnished with carpets, couches, large tables for banquets, and
attractive ornaments.
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Above all they had beautiful vases used for storing things, mixing things, and for drinking.
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The Etruscans were a lively and cultured people, and enjoyed their recreations.
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They were fond of good food
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dancing
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humorous and cruel sports
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hunting
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personal ornaments, and fashion.
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Show here is a reproduction of a mural in an Etruscan tomb showing a banquet. Note the elegance of the dress and
furniture.
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Woman with a pointed cap (tutulus) and
pointed shoes: her tunic (chitone) and her mantle (himation) are
Greek in style.
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A man with a short, tight-fitting coat, high pointed shoes and a
cloak (tebennos); note the jewellery.
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A commoner dressed in a plain
cloak.
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A soldier with a uniform that inspired the
Romans; he is bare-legged and holds an
Etruscan sword.
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Are there any questions?