Download - The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800
![Page 1: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Enlightenment1700 - 1800
![Page 2: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Focus Question
• What effects did Enlightenment philosophers have on government and society?
![Page 3: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Do Now:
Find your name and take a seat.
Take out your binder and open to a new page.
Answer: What are some negatives of having an absolute ruler?
![Page 4: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Do Now: What does it mean to be “enlightened”?
• Free from ignorance, prejudice, or superstition
• Philosophers emphasized political goals like:– Individual freedom– Limited government– Education– Economic freedoms
• (Laissez-faire “Hands off”- government not interfere with business and the marketplace
• Their goal = REFORM!
![Page 5: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Scientific Revolution Sparks the Enlightenment
• During the 1500s & 1600s, scientists changed the way people looked at the world.
• Their success convinced educated Europeans of the power of human reason.– Led to natural law (rules discovered by reason)
• Natural law could be used to solve social, political, & economic problems.
![Page 6: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Thomas Hobbes vs. John Locke
human nature & the role of government
- People = cruel, greedy, & selfish- Need absolute monarchy- Social contract (people give up freedom for an organized society)
- People = reasonable & moral-Limited gov that people can overthrow- Natural rights (life, liberty, & property)
![Page 7: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Writers Face Censorship
• Not everyone liked the new ideas of Enlightenment thinkers.– Most government & church leaders felt they had
to defend the old, traditional views.
• Censorship - banned & burned books and put writers in prison– To get around this, writers hid their ideas in fiction
![Page 8: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ideas Spread in Salons
Salons – informal social gatherings where writers, artists, philosophers, and others exchange ideas
![Page 9: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Do we have anything comparable to salons today?
![Page 10: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Baron Montesquieu
-Government should be divided:
executive, legislative, &
judicial branches
-Checks & Balances
Voltaire-Used humor
to expose problems of
his time in his writings
-Spoke out against
injustice, inequality,
superstition
Denis Diderot-Wrote
Encylopedia-Wanted to change the
general way of thinking
-Denounced slavery,
promoted education
-Banned by church and
government!
Jean-Jaques Rousseau
-Wrote “The Social Contract”
-Government control should
be minimal-Governments
should be elected
Mary Wollstonecraft
“free and equal”
Vindication of the Rights of
Women
Equal education for girls and
boys
![Page 11: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
New Economic Thinking• Laissez Faire replaces
mercantilism– Businesses should operate
with little to no gov. interference
• Adam Smith– Wrote The Wealth of Nations– Free market should control
business activity– All parts of economy were
linked to laws of supply & demand
![Page 12: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Enlightened Despots• Philosophes tried to convince absolute monarchs that reform
was necessary – some accepted new ideas
Catherine the Great(Russia)
- abolished torture- religious tolerance
However, in the end, they simply wanted more power for themselves.
![Page 13: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Lives of the Masses Change Slowly
• Most Europeans were untouched by the Enlightenment.
• Serfdom still existed in some places.
• The lives of villagers changed slowly.
• In 1800s, things would change.
![Page 14: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Montesquieu• Study many governments
throughout time
• Wrote The Spirit of the Laws– Gov. should be divided by
functions & powers– Three branches of legislative,
executive, & judicial– Checks & balances
![Page 16: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Voltaire• Most famous philosophe
• Used wit & humor to expose the abuses of his time– Spoke out against inequality,
injustice, & superstition– Hated the slave trade &
religious prejudice
“My trade is to say what I think.”
![Page 17: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Diderot• Produced a 28-volume set of
books called the Encyclopedia
• Wanted “to change the way of general thinking” on topics like gov., philosophy, & religion
• Articles denounced slavery, praised freedom of expression, & encouraged education for all
• French gov. & Catholic Church tried to ban it or excommunicate people who read it
![Page 18: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Rousseau• Like Locke, he believed
people were basically good
• Wrote The Social Contract– Society placed too many
controls on people’s behavior– Some controls were necessary
but should be minimal
• Only governments that were freely elected should impose these controls
![Page 19: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Women Challenge the Philosophes
• Enlightenment slogan was “free & equal”– This did not apply to woman– Their rights were limited to the home & family
• Some women protested this view– Germaine de Stael of France– Mary Wollstonecraft• A Vindication for the Rights of Women (equal education for girls & boys)
![Page 20: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Laissez-faire Economy
• Laissez-faire economists argue that society would be better off if the government did not interfere with business and the marketplace.
• What role should the government play in a nation’s economy?
![Page 21: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1800](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56812c75550346895d9111fd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Enlightenment Ideas Spread
• Educated people read Diderot’s Encyclopedia
• Small, cheaper pamphlets on various topics also spread throughout Europe