![Page 1: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars
• X-ray image of the sun
![Page 2: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Electomagnet (EM) Specrtrum
• All radiation, radio wave and light are part of the EM spectrum
• Visible light is only a very small section of the whole spectrum
![Page 3: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Simpler version of the EM spectrum
![Page 5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Wavelength- Distance covered by one full cycle of a wave- commonly measured crest to crest
• CU physics site animation shows wavelengths
• http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/waves_particles/index.html
![Page 6: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Relative size of wavelengths
![Page 7: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Arecibo
• The Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico is the largest single dish telescope in the world.
• This 1000 foot dish was constructed over a natural crater. (= 0.3km = 0.2 mi)
![Page 8: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Radio antenna and radio telescopes are large to pick up long wavelengths
![Page 9: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
VLA
• The very large array in Socorro New Mexico was built in the 1970’s.
• It uses 27 radio telescopes all linked together in a Y shape. These telescopes simulate a large radio telescope 40 km in diameter.
![Page 11: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The SETI Project
• SETI stands for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence.
• SETI began using the Arecibo telescope to look for alien signals.
• In 1974 the Arecibo telescope sent a megawatt signal to outer space.
![Page 14: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Frequency- How often a complete wave passes a set point
• Long wavelength = low frequency
• Short wavelength = high frequency
#waves/time = cycles/sec = Hertz (Hz)
![Page 16: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Energy in the wave
• Long wavelength = low frequency = low energy• Short wavelength = high frequency = high energy
![Page 17: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Fill in your own chart:
![Page 18: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Spectra are created from excited electrons in atoms
• Valence electrons absorb energy from heat, electricity, other EM emissions
• Electrons jump up to a higher energy level
• When electrons “fall” back to ground state they give off EM emisions
![Page 19: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Kinds of spectrum
• Continuous spectrum- like the rainbow
• Absorbtion Spectrum - has rainbow with “black” lines in it
• Emmission spectrum – just a line or two or three…………. Of colored light
![Page 20: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Types of Galaxies- draw in
• Elliptical
• Spiral
• Irregular
![Page 22: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Doppler Effect
• Red Shift-move away– Lengthen wavelength– Color shifts toward red
end
• Blue shift-move toward– shorten wavelength– Color shifts toward
blue end
![Page 23: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Mass of the universe determines fate
• More than critical mass collapse Big Crunch another Big Bang?
Does the universe occilate? Closed universe
Less than critical mass expands forever Open universe
![Page 24: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
HR diagram
• Graphs starsTemp (color or spectral class) vs Absolute
magnitude (Luminosity)
Absolute magnitude – brightness based on being the same distance away from each star
Apparent magnitude – brightness from Earth- all stars are different distances away
![Page 25: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
HR Diagram
Temp degrees C
![Page 26: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Put colored stars of appropriate size on your chart
![Page 27: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Layers of the Sun
![Page 28: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Micro-Wave & Infra-Red Telescopes
![Page 29: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
2 Famous Telescopes
• In the 1960” Robert Wilson & Arno Penzias won the Noble Prize for their discovery with the first large microwave telescope.
• COBE was a microwave / infra-red satellite in the 1980’s.
![Page 30: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Visible “Optical” Telescopes
• Early history of optical telescopes.
• Modern day observatories.
• The future of optical telescopes.
![Page 34: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Yerkes Observatory
• Built in 1897 the Yerkes telescope in Wisconsin is the largest refractor.
• It has 40 inch diameter lens!
![Page 35: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The Mt. Wilson Hooker Telescope
• In 1908 the largest reflector telescope was built on Mt. Wilson overlooking Los Angeles.
• This Hooker telescope uses a 100 inch mirror to collect light.
![Page 37: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The Palomar Observatory, Hale Telescope
• In 1948 the largest telescope was the 200 inch Hale telescope on Palomar Mountain, California.
![Page 41: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The BTA Telescope
• Currently the largest single mirror telescope is the BTA, (Bolshoi Teleskop Azimutal) in Southern Russia.
• The BTA was built in 1975 and uses a single 230 inch mirror to collect light!
![Page 44: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Multiple Mirror Telescopes
• After building the huge BTA telescope, astronomers realized that 200 inches is the maximum size for a telescope. Anything larger than 200 inches and the mirror becomes distorted under its own weight.
• The solution to this problem was to build multiple mirror telescopes.
![Page 47: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Multiple Mirror Telescopes
• M.M.T. combine many mirrors to form one giant mirror. These mirrors are computer controlled to make a parabolic shape.
• The KECK telescope in Hawaii is currently the largest telescope in the world with a total of 400 inches of segmented mirrors!
![Page 48: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
3 Famous Observatories
• #1 Mauna Kea is Hawaii’s tallest peak and home to the largest telescopes in the world.
• #2 Las Campanas Chile has some of the clearest seeing on the the planet.
• #3 Kitt Peak Observatory in Tucson Arizona has a large collection of telescopes.
![Page 52: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Mauna Kea, Hawaii
![Page 53: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Las Campanas, Chile
![Page 54: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Chile
![Page 55: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
The European Tel. In Chile
![Page 56: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Kitt Peak, Tucson Arizona
![Page 57: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Current Problems
• Aside from money, two of the biggest problems facing optical observatories are:
• 1. Light Pollution
• 2. Atmospheric turbulence
![Page 58: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
The Hubble Space Telescope
• By placing a telescope in orbit you solve the problems of light pollution and atmospheric turbulence.
• In 1990 the space shuttle Discovery was launched with the 90 inch Hubble Space Telescope.
![Page 60: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
The Future of Optical Telescopes
• The NGT (Next Generation Telescope) will be a 300 inch multiple mirror orbiting space telescope.
• The ELT will be a 30 meter (3 times larger than the Keck) segmented mirror telescope.
![Page 64: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
2 Plans for the NGT
![Page 65: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
LBT Large Binocular Telescope
![Page 66: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
One of the LBT mirrors
![Page 67: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
GSM Giant Segmented Mirror
![Page 68: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
ELT Extremely Large Telescope
![Page 69: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Ultra-Violet Telescopes
• UV telescopes must observe from outer space.
• These telescopes specialize in observing the sun.
• The IUE is the International Ultra-Violet Explorer space telescope.
![Page 70: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
The IUE
![Page 71: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
The sun through the IUE
![Page 72: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
X-Ray Telescopes
• X-Ray telescopes study high energy objects like black holes.
• The Chandra X-Ray telescope was launched into space two years ago.
![Page 73: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
The Chandra X-Ray telescope
![Page 74: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
![Page 75: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
The Sun in X-Rays
![Page 76: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Gamma Ray Telescopes
• Gamma Ray telescopes study very high energy objects like gamma ray bursters and supernova explosions.
• The Compton Gamma ray telescope was the most famous of these telescopes.
![Page 77: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Compton Gamma Ray Telescope
![Page 78: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051419/568159a4550346895dc6feff/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
The End