The distinct modes of vision offered by feedforward and recurrent processing Victor
A.F. Lamme and Pieter R. Roelfsema
Dichotomies in the Visual System?
• What are three dichotomies that Lamme identifies in the visual system?
Dichotomies in the Visual System?
• What are three dichotomies that Lamme identifies in the visual system?
• Dorsal vs. Ventral stream
Dichotomies in the Visual System?
• What are three dichotomies that Lamme identifies in the visual system?
• Dorsal vs. Ventral stream
• Pre-attentive vs. Attentive
Dichotomies in the Visual System?
• What are three dichotomies that Lamme identifies in the visual system?
• Dorsal vs. Ventral stream
• Pre-attentive vs. Attentive
• Conscious vs. Unconscious
The Feed-Forward Sweep
• What is the feed-forward sweep?
The Feed-Forward Sweep
• The feed-forward sweep is the initial response of each visual area “in turn” as information is passed to it from a “lower” area– a single spike per synapse– no time for lateral connections – no time for feedback connections
The Feed-Forward Sweep
• The feed-forward sweep is the initial response of each visual area “in turn” as information is passed to it from a “lower” area
• Consider the latencies of the first responses in various areas
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The Feed-Forward Sweep
• Thus the “hierarchy” of visual areas differs depending on temporal or anatomical features
• Three aspects of the visual system account for this fact:
– Some neurons in an area don’t receive direct connections from the next “lower” area
– multiple feed-forward sweeps progressing at different rates (I.e. magno and parvo pathways) in parallel
– signals arrive at cortex via routes other than the Geniculo-striate pathway (LGN to V1)
The Feed-Forward Sweep
• The feed-forward sweep gives rise to the “classical” receptive field properties– tuning properties exhibited in very first spikes– think of cortical neurons as “detectors” only during feed-
forward sweep
After the Forward Sweep
• By 150 ms, virtually every visual brain area has responded to the onset of a visual stimulus
• But visual cortex neurons continue to fire for hundreds of milliseconds!
After the Forward Sweep
• By 150 ms, virtually every visual brain area has responded to the onset of a visual stimulus
• But visual cortex neurons continue to fire for hundreds of milliseconds!
• What are they doing?
After the Forward Sweep
• By 150 ms, virtually every visual brain area has responded to the onset of a visual stimulus
• But visual cortex neurons continue to fire for hundreds of milliseconds!
• What are they doing?
• with sufficient time (a few tens of ms) neurons begin to reflect aspects of cognition other than “detection”
Extra-RF Influences
• One thing they seem to be doing is helping each other figure out what aspects of the entire scene each RF contains
– That is, the responses of visual neurons begin to change to reflect global rather than local features of the scene
– recurrent signals sent via feedback projections are thought to mediate these later properties
Extra-RF Influences
• consider texture-defined boundaries– classical RF tuning
properties do not allow neuron to know if RF contains figure or background
– At progressively later latencies, the neuron response differently depending on whether it is encoding boundaries, surfaces, the background, etc.
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Recurrent Signals in Object Perception
• Can a neuron represent whether or not its receptive field is on part of an attended object?
• What if attention is initially directed to a different part of the object?
Recurrent Signals in Object Perception
• Can a neuron represent whether or not its receptive field is on part of an attended object?
• What if attention is initially directed to a different part of the object?
Yes, but not during the feed-forward sweep
Recurrent Signals in Object Perception
• curve tracing– monkey indicates whether a
particular segment is on a particular curve
– requires attention to scan the curve and “select” all segments that belong together
– that is: make a representation of the entire curve
– takes time
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Recurrent Signals in Object Perception
• curve tracing– neuron begins to respond
differently at about 200 ms
– enhanced firing rate if neuron is on the attended curve
Feedback Signals and the binding problem
• What is the binding problem?
Feedback Signals and the binding problem
• What is the binding problem?• curve tracing and the binding problem:
– if all neurons with RFs over the attended curve spike faster/at a specific frequency/in synchrony, this might be the binding signal
Feedback Signals and the binding problem
• What is the binding problem?• curve tracing and the binding problem:
– if all neurons with RFs over the attended curve spike faster/at a specific frequency/in synchrony, this might be the binding signal
But attention is supposed to solve the binding problem, right?
Feedback Signals and the binding problem
• So what’s the connection between Attention and Recurrent Signals?
Feedback Signals and Attention
• One theory is that attention (attentive processing) entails the establishing of recurrent “loops”
• This explains why attentive processing takes time - feed-forward sweep is insufficient
Feedback Signals and Attention
• Instruction cues (for exaple in the Posner Cue-Target paradigm) may cause feedback signal prior to stimulus onset (thus prior to feed-forward sweep)
• think of this as pre-setting the system for the upcoming stimulus
Feedback Signals and Attention
• We’ll consider the role of feedback signals in attention in more detail as we discuss the neuroscience of attention