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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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OBJECTIVE
SC.912.L.14.46 - Describe the physiology of the digestive system, including mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption and the neural and hormonal mechanisms of control.
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6 FUNCTIONS
1. Ingestion
2. Mechanical Processing
3. Digestion
4. Secretion
5. Absorption
6. Excretion
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INGESTION
Materials enter via the mouth
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MECHANICAL PROCESSING
Crushing and shearing of materials
makes it easier to propel along digestive tract
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DIGESTION
Chemical breakdown of foods
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SECRETION
Release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts
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ABSORPTION
Movement of organic substrates, electrolytes, vitamins, and water
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EXCRETION
Removal of waste products from body fluids
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ALIMENTARY CANAL
Muscular tube
Extends from mouth to anus
1-way tract
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus
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ORAL CAVITY
Sensory analysis
of material before swallowing
Mechanical processing
teeth, tongue, palatal surfaces
Lubrication
saliva, mucus
Digestion
carbohydrates, lipids
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PHARYNX
A common passageway for solid foods, liquid, and air
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ESOPHAGUS
A hollow, muscular tube
~25 cm long, 2 cm wide
Conveys solid foods and liquids to the stomach
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PERISTALSIS
Wave-like contractions that move food along the digestive tract
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STOMACH
4 functions:
store ingested food
mechanical breakdown of ingested food
acids/enzymes disrupt chemical bonds in food
production of intrinsic factor
glycoprotein required for absorption of B12
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REGIONS OF STOMACH
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
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DIGESTION IN THE STOMACH
Pepsin
aids in preliminary digestion of proteins
Salivary amylase
digests carbohydrates
Lingual lipase
digests lipids
pH ~2.0
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SMALL INTESTINE
Where 90% of absorption occurs
microvilli increase surface area
3 segments:
duodenum
jejunum
Ileum
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DUODENUM
~25 cm long
“Mixing bowl” receives:
chyme from stomach
digestive secretions from pancreas and liver
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JEJUNUM
Middle segment
~2.5 m long
Location of most:
chemical digestion
nutrient absorption
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ILEUM
Final segment
~3.5 m long
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LARGE INTESTINE
Has a larger diameter than the small intestine
4 main segments:
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
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LARGE INTESTINE
Functions:
reabsorbs water
compaction of intestinal contents into feces
loaded with bacteria
feed on indigestible carbohydrates
produce flatus
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RECTUM
Last 15 cm of digestive tract
An expandable organ for temporary storage of feces
Anal canal
last portion of rectum
ends in the anus
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ACCESSORY ORGANS
Pancreas
secrete insulin & glucagon into the bloodstream
secrete digestive enzymes
Liver
secretes bile
aids in the
digestion of lipids
Gall Bladder
stores bile
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AGING
Smooth muscle tone decreases
peristalsis contractions becomes weaker
Cumulative damage from toxins are transported to liver for processing
alcohol, other chemicals
Rates of stomach/colon cancer rise
Decline in olfactory/gustatory senses
dietary changes that affect entire body