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Heading Western Cape Government
Agriculture
THE CULTIVATION OF CAROB
(Ceratonia seliqua)
Institute of Plant Production
Pippa Karsen 26 January 2012
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Heading Were does Carob grow naturally?
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Heading What is Carob?
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Heading
Male Female
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Heading
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Heading
FI
AUTUMN WINTER SPRING SUMMER
MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP OCT NOV DES JAN FEB
F
S 1 S 2 S 3
FI-Flower initiation
F- Flowering
Pod Development:
• S1- Stage 1 of pod development (slow development)
• S2- Stage 2 (rapid pod development)
• S3- Stage 3 (ripening)
Veg. Growth
Phenology/Fenologie
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Heading Climate / Klimaat
Mediterranean climate
• Cool winters (decrease growth
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Heading Soil requirements / Grond voorvereistes
Wide range of soils:
• Poor sandy soils to deep soils
• Withstand calcareous with high lime soils
• Tolerated saline soils (3% NaCl)
• Well drained
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Heading Water requirements / water voorvereistes
• Xerophyte
• Annual rainfall 250-500mm per year
• 500-550mm commercial production
Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo
600-800mm/yr
Renoster 200-600mm/yr 200-290mm/yr 100-520mm/yr
C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator/Desktop/Phenology.ppt
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Heading Crop Crop water need Produce Calories CHO Sugar Fibre Protien
(mm/total growing
period) Ton/Ha g/ 100g g/ 100g g/ 100g g/ 100g
Banana 1200-2200 ‘4-7 424 23 12 3 1
Barley 450-650 ‘2-3 1591 84 1 2 13
Oats 450-650 ‘2-3 1540 66 1 15 17
Wheat 450-650 ‘6-10 1558 73 0 13 13
Citrus/Olives 900-1200 ‘45-50 235 12 9 2 1
Carob 500-550 ‘50-70 830 80 50 8 4
Maize 500-800 5 1445 74 1 7 10
Peanut/Potato 500-700 17 na na na na na
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Heading Properties
Component
(g/100g dry mass)
Tylliria SFax Aaronsohn Santa Fe
Moisture 9.27 9.56 9.29 8.91
CHO 90.69 89.57 90.79 91.12
Tot sugars 54.74 40.69 50.55 45.61
Sucrose 45.09 33.70 40.41 42.02
Glucose 4.92 3.54 4.95 1.79
Fructose 4.73 3.45 5.19 1.80
Dietary fibre 31.47 36.07 33.35 35.85
Protein 3.57 4.42 3.07 3.26
Fat 0.71 0.45 0.74 0.86
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Heading Uses/
1. Human consumption
– Cocoa substitute
– Locust bean gum:
thickener and binding
agent
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Heading Uses/
1. Animal fodder:
– Production same or
higher than other
traditional small grain
crops
– 80% energy value of
barley
2. Shade tree
3. Reclaim eroded land
4. Cheap CHO for ethanol
production (160g/1kg dry
pods)
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Heading Production
Country Pod production (t) %
Seed production (t) %
Spain 135000 43.5 12000 37.5
Italy 45000 14.5 4000 12.5
Portugal 30000 9.7 3600 11.3
Morocco 26000 8.4 4800 15.0
Greece 20000 6.5 1800 5.6
Cyprus 17000 5.5 1700 5.3
Turkey 15000 4.8 1800 5.6
Algeria 7000 2.3 800 2.5
Other 15000 4.8 1500 4.7
Total 310000 100 32000 100
(Fletcher,1996).
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Heading Why plant Carob?
• Grows in semi arid and marginal soils
• Drought hardy
• Low input cost
• Easily adapted to the WC
• Provides fodder in summer in winter rainfall
areas
• High nutrient value
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Heading Limitations/Beperkings
1. Cold hardiness
2. Suitability to high density plantations?
3. Market stability
4. Unavailability of good quality plant material,
5. The time it takes for the tree to come into
production and
6. The local knowledge of cultivation practices.
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Heading Research/Navorsing
1. Propagation of the carob tree.
2. Establishment of Carob.
3. Cultural practices