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The Cold War
Containment and Korea
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How do you “fight” a Cold War?
• Any ideas?????
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Truman’s Policy of Containment
• Foreign Policy at the start of the Cold War 1945-1950– Truman and George F. Kennan’s Policy of
“Containment”• Truman Doctrine• Marshall plan• NATO• The Korean War
– Why are these considered containment?
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The Korean War• Why did the Korean War start?
– How did Truman respond?
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Korean War
• An example/test of containment– June 25, 1950 - North Korea (supported by
China and Soviets) invade South Korea• Truman orders military buildup under NSC-68
– This maintains a permanent war time build up of the American Military
• UN uses absence of Soviets to order troops to defend South Korea
– Police action aimed only at preserving 38° parallel
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Mapping Korea
• Use different colors for– North Korea
• Arrows for their advance and retreats and lines for their furthest advancements
– United Nations Troops• Arrows for their advance and retreats and lines for
their furthest advancements
– Chinese Troops• Arrows for their advance and retreats and lines for
their furthest advancements– Be sure to use dates next to all major movements!
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Korean War
• The Korean War– Macarthur Leads drastic
raid on North Korea• Pushes the north Koreans
all towards China
• This leads China to enter war
– Chinese troops push UN troops back over 38th parallel
• Truce signed 1953– Keeping the two nations
divided at the 38°
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MacArthur Tests Truman’s Containment
– Macarthur eyes China• Macarthur suggests invading China, and dropping
Atomic bombs on China– Truman not willing to expand the war– Macarthur criticizes Truman publicly, Truman fires
Macarthur
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Truman vs. Macarthur• Why did Truman fire Douglas Macarthur?
– Did he make the right decision?
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The effects of the Korean War and the firing of Macarthur
• Truman becomes very unpopular– 22% approval rating during the Korean War
• It was 65% after the end of WWII
• The Second Red Scare– Fear of Communism becomes a winning political
issue for the Republicans• Democrats had dominated Congress and the White House
since 1932– Republicans accuse Democrats of being soft on communism
» Gain more power in Congress and win the Presidency with Eisenhower in 1952
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Truman’s Record Against Communism at Home
• Truman’s Loyalty Programs– Loyalty Review Board (1947)
• Investigated federal employees and other “disloyal” organizations
• 3 million federal employees investigated, 3,000 resigned
– 11 communists Tried and convicted (1949)• Violated the Smith Act (1940)
– Convicted for advocating the overthrow of the American government
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Committee of Un-American Activities (HUAC)
• Who?– Members of the House of
Representatives• Most notably Richard Nixon
• What?– Investigated “subversion” in
America• Led to the accusation of
members of government, Hollywood, labor unions, etc.
– Most famous “catch” was Alger Hiss (Former New Dealer)
» Convicted of perjury in 1950
» Never convicted of being a Communist
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Joseph McCarthy
• What?– Wisconsin Republican Senator– Accused Secretary of State Dean Acheson of
employing 205 Communist party members (1950)• Most accusations were directed towards Democrats
– He even directed accusations at George Marshall
– Ruined the careers of countless officials, writers, and actors
• Very little evidence was ever provided at these trials• Many people would be accused unless they agreed to “name
names”
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Joseph McCarthy
• What? (cont.)– Eisenhower hated McCarthy, but stayed
out of his way• Eisenhower does not stand up against McCarthy
– In return U.S. government loses some of the top Asian experts in the U.S. State department due to accusations
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Joseph McCarthy
– McCarthy self destructs (1954)
• McCarthy attacks the military for employing Communists
– Televised hearings led to McCarthy self destructing in front of America
– Congress condemns him at the end of hearings
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Red Scare
• Results of Red Scare– Very few communists rooted out
• Although later evidence showed a presence of communists within our government
– State Department lost some of its key Asian advisors
• Would have been helpful as Vietnam wears on
– Destruction of Free Speech• People were condemned and black balled from
industries for merely being accused