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The challenges of Oil and Gas data interpretation
Horacio Bouzas
Norway Technology Center Manager
Schlumberger Information Solutions
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Schlumberger Background
• The world’s leading oilfield services provider.
• Employs ~77,000 people of 140 nationalities working in ~80 countries.
• $27B revenue in 2008, investing more than $800M in research.
• 75th “.com” (1987), one of the world’s largest private networks.
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Oil Exploration Lifecycle
Exploration
The initial phase in petroleum operations that includes generation of a prospect, and drilling of an exploration well.
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Oil Exploration Lifecycle
Appraisal
The phase of petroleum operations that immediately follows successful exploratory drilling.
During appraisal, delineation wells might be drilled to determine the size of the oil or gas field and how to develop it most efficiently.
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Oil Exploration Lifecycle
Development
The phase of petroleum operations that occurs after exploration has proven successful, and before full-scale production.
A plan to fully and efficiently exploit the field is created, and additional wells are usually drilled.
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Oil Exploration Lifecycle
Production
The phase that occurs after successful exploration and development and during which hydrocarbons are extracted from an oil or gas field.
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What Oil Companies Want to Know…
Where is the oil?
How much oil is there?
Will it flow?
What’s the best way to produce it?
“Can this reservoir profitably produce oil or gas?”
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Oil Companies Like Data…
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…But Want Insight
Drill here…
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How Oil Companies Find Out…
To answer these questions…
• From seismic data, we interpret a structural model.
• From borehole data, we interpret physical properties of the rocks
• Integrating the structural model with the physical properties of the rocks, defines a property model.
• The property model is used for fluid flow simulations, financial estimates, drilling planning, etc.
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Seismic Data: Acquisition
• Horizons
• Faults
• Structure
• Salt and other bodies
• Amplitude anomalies
• Fluid presence
• Traps
• Rock properties
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Seismic Data
Seismic data is like weather radar.
• Coarse-grained.
• Covers a large volume that we cannot measure in detail everywhere.
• Is a fairly simple measurement.
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Seismic Data: Characteristics and Processing500 samples per second per trace
~20,000 traces per shot, every 10 seconds
Up to 160 shots/km2, 100 – 2,000 km2 per survey
~ 45 surveys being processed at any one time
~30 separate steps in processing each survey
Seismic, the largest consumer of computers-worldwide
Online storage: 38 petabytes: ~ 120 million DVDs
CPU capacity >200TFlops: ~ 90,000 x 3GHz PCs
… this week
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Geco Eagle over Oslo
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Seismic Data: Interpretation
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Seismic Data: Interpretation
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Seismic Data: Interpretation
N
Rio de Janeiro
Shallow Deep
0 100 km
Campos Basin
Santos Basin
Espírito Santo Basin
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Seismic Data: Time Lapse – Permanent Monitoring
Significant Change
1996 Changes
NoChange
HC indicator0 1
1985
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Seismic Data: Challenges
• Acquisition– Sampling bandwidth: 100 MB/sec– Extremely large amounts of data– Multi-component data
• Processing– Terabytes of data– Algorithmic complexity (physics ⊗ programming)– I/O efficiency
• Architecture– Scalability– Reliability
• Multiple versions!
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Borehole Data: Acquisition
• Lithology & Petrophysical Properties– Sand/Shale discrimination– Porosity (sonic, nuclear)– Density (nuclear)– Permeability (electrical)– Water/Oil/Gas Saturation
• Geomechanical Properties– In-situ stresses (sonic)– Seismic velocity calibration
• Geology– Sub-seismic bedding (electrical,
nuclear)
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Borehole Data
Borehole data is like data from a weather station.
• Lots of precise measurements.
• Sparse areal coverage
• Fronts are like faults—discontinuities between air masses
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Borehole Data: Interpretation
Shale
HC-saturatedsandstone
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Borehole Data: Interpretation
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Borehole Data: Challenges
• Acquisition– High sampling rate– Noise– Extremely difficult borehole environments
• Processing– Mega to Giga bytes of data– Algorithmic complexity (physics ⊗ programming)– Disparity in data types– I/O efficiency
• Architecture– Scalability– Reliability
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Seismic Data + Borehole Data = Shared Earth Model
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Getting to the insight is a multi-disciplinary effort…
Drill here…
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Multidisciplinary Data Integration
Geologist
Reservoir
Engineer
Drilling
Engineer
Production
Engineer
Economist
Geophysicist
Exploration
Appraisal
Development
Production
Seismic Interpretation
Seismic Volume Rendering
Surface Imaging
Mapping Well Correlation
Pre-stack workflows
Depth Conversion
Complex Fault Modeling
Petrophysical Modeling
Facies Modeling
Gridding
Data Analysis
Fault Analysis
Uncertainty
Upscaling
Fluid Flow
Simulation
History Matching
Well planningProduction
Economics
Project Valuation
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Computer Science Challenges
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Data Interpretation Challenges: Horizon Detection
Horizon interpretation
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Data Interpretation Challenges: Horizon Detection Automatically interpreted and interpolated horizon
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Data Interpretation Challenges: Fault Detection
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Data Interpretation Challenges: Scalability
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Data Interpretation Challenges: Properties
Volumes
• Cartesian, Corner point
• PEBI, Tetrahedra
• Unstructured
Surfaces
• Height fields: simple and compact, but limited
• Triangle meshes: flexible, but complicated
• Hybrid: best of both, but more complicated
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Data Interpretation Challenges: Fluid Flow Simulation
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New Generation
Old Generation
Ideal
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Data Interpretation Challenges: Visualization
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Usability
Interpretation requires a computational infrastructure that:
• Makes routine work easy and quick,
• Makes extraordinary work possible (e.g., is extensible)
• Takes advantage of local knowledge and past experience, and
• Allows for experimentation with alternative hypotheses.
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Extensibility
Application extensibility requires:
• A robust, secure component framework
• A comprehensive data access API
• Domain API extensibility
• UI extensibility
We want to support emergent behavior: allow users to exploit component interactions in unforeseen ways.
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Summary of Oil & Gas Data Interpretation Challenges
• Diverse data types
• Extremely large data volumes
• Complex mathematical algorithms
• Enormous range of feature sizes: mm to km
• Complex data structures
• High-performance 3D geometric modeling, visualization and simulation
• What if scenarios and uncertainty management
• Robust calculations and error handling
• Highly efficient parallel computing, need it everywhere!
• Growing functionality and complexity requires extensive software verification
• Growing functionality and complexity requires high developer productivity
• Maintenance and re-engineering of legacy code
• Exponential code base growth
• High performance over the web
• Usability