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ISOTDAQ2015 – Rio de Janeiro, Brasil – Jan 28-Feb 05 2015
The CERN Scientific Pogram Livio Mapelli
CERN – Physics Department
CERN Physics today
Its imapct on our lifes
Srategic view to the future
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The mission of CERN
Push back the frontiers of knowledge
E.g. the secrets of the Big Bang …what was the matter like within the first moments of the Universe’s existence?
Develop new technologies for accelerators and detectors
Information technology - the Web and the GRID
Medicine - diagnosis and therapy
Train scientists and engineers of tomorrow
Unite people from different countries and cultures
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The CERN Accelerators
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LHC – the high-energy frontier Today’s Scientific Challenge:
understand the very first moments of our Universe after the Big Bang
Today 13.8 Billion Years
1028 cm
Big Bang
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Atom Proton
Big Bang
Radius of Earth
Radius of Galaxies
Earth to Sun
Universe
Hubble ALMA
VLT AMS
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Big Bang
Next Scientific Challenge: to understand the very first moments of our Universe
after the Big Bang
380,000 years
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Atom Proton
Big Bang
Radius of Earth
Radius of Galaxies
Earth to Sun
Universe
Hubble ALMA
VLT AMS
Study physics laws of first moments after Big Bang
increasing Symbiosis between Particle Physics,
Astrophysics and Cosmology
Super-Microscope
LHC
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015
LHC experiments
8
ALICE – Large Ion Collider Experiment
ATLAS – A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS
CMS – Compact Muon Solenoid
LHCb – Large Hadron Collider beauty
TOTEM – TOTal Elastic cross section Measurement
LHCf – Large Hadron Collider forward
MoEDAL – Monopole and Exotics Detector At LHC
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015
4th July 2012:
Observation of a new Boson at
125 GeV/c2
”
”
ATLAS & CMS 391 & 401 papers
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015 10 ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015
ALICE 101 papers
J/psi production in Pb-Pb collisions:
Rigeneration from QGP?
LHCb 237 papers
The very rare decay Bs m+m- :
First evidence, agreement with SM
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015
Non-LHC experiments
11
SME – Small and Medium sized Experiments
Hosts the non-LHC experiments
Maintains a diverse program of physics at CERN
• PS and SPS Fixed-Target experiments
• AD experiments – Antiproton Decelerator
• ISOLDE + nTOF
• Nuclear physics (Isotope separation, neutron time-of-flight)
• Other experiments
• DIRAC, CAST, OSQAR, AMS, …
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015
Fixed target experiments
12
CLOUD climatic chamber Oct 2014
PS program
CLOUD
An experiment on climate:
study effects of cosmic rays on clouds formation
SPS program Lower energy experiments SPS allow precision measurements for comparison with
theory. Deviations can be sign of new physics at higher energies.
ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015
DIRAC: pionic atoms (completed)
COMPASS: muon spin physics, D-Y
NA61: Heavy Ion physics
NA62: SM with rare K decays
NA63: electromagnetism
in extreme conditions
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015
NA62
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GTK – GigaTracKer Straw Tracker
• SPS beam from October 6 until December 15, 2014
• All main detectors commissioned
• Written > 100 TB of data
• PH-DT & PH-ESE
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015
Antiproton Decelerator
Matter-Antimatter comparison Very fundamental in the current theory of physics: m = m, g = g
ATRAP, ALPHA Trapping and spectroscopy of Hbar in a "bottle”
ASACUSA Spectroscopy of exotic atoms and of in-flight Hbars
BASE Magnetic moment of the antiproton
H H
Antiproton annihilations in silicon
sensor read out via TimePix3
AEgIS Hbar free fall, gravity effect on antimatter.
Galileo’s experiment for antimatter!
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015
Nuclear Physics
ISOLDE: radioactive ion beams
Nuclear physics - Astrophysics
Solid State Physics
Medical applications
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New permanent setup for beta decay studies
N_TOF
Nuclear Waste Transmutation
Astrophysics
Medical Physics Service Gallery
ISR Tunnel
h [m]
0
9
18
24.5
EAR1
EAR2 exp.hall
Beam dump
Target
Vertical beam
First physics measurement At the new vertical beam pipe
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015
Other experiments
16
Target
Decay volume ~ 50 m
Hadron absorber
Muon shield (magnetic)
Goliath magnet
Emulsions
Spectrometer
Recent layout, under study
In addition to the approved experiments at CERN,
there are currently 30 ″Recognized Experiments″
Most related to astrophysics; in principle only
marginal cost to CERN, but still require support
Also experiments under study:
IAXO: International Axion Observatory, proposed
successor to the CAST solar axion search experiment
that currently uses a spare LHC dipole magnet
TDR in preparation
SHiP: Search for Hidden Particles, proposed
beam dump experiment at SPS to search for
sterile neutrinos, can also study tau neutrinos
TP in preparation
AMS (RE1) on the ISS
SHiP
IAXO
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015
Support groups in Physics Dept.
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PH-DT Detector Technologies
PH-ESE Electronic Systems for Experiments
PH-SFT SoFTware design for experiments
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015
Detector Technologies
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Development, construction, operation and
maintenance of particle detectors
Detector infrastructure for experiments
at CERN - Detector R&D
Last Straw chamber being installed in NA62
Upgrade of key irradiation facilities
(protons@PS and Gamma@SPS)
GIF++ at SPS H4 beam line in hall EHN1
Involvement in detector projects (R&D, Construction) for
LHC upgrade and new studies/projects
ATLAS Micromegas Module 0
CLIC Vertex Detector Mockup & FEA
First full-size mechanical
prototype of a “2S” module
for CMS TK upgrade
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015
Electronic Systems for Experiments
Design and maintenance of electronics systems for experiments at CERN
Supply of electronics related services - Electronics for NA62 ATLAS CMS
Some examples:
• TDCpix ASIC for
• NA62 Gigatracker
New ATLAS
Central Trigger Processor
Rad and magnetic field tolerant DC-DC
converter (20000 pieces)
Pixel cell in 65 nm CMOS
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GBT chipset and
versatile link device
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015
Development and maintenance of common scientific
software for the CERN experimental programme
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Geant4 v10.1 – parallel event simulation in multiple threads now production
ready (CMS first user)
ROOT6 – introduced a powerful C++ parser based on a real compiler (clang);
provides a sound platform for long-term
CernVM – provides critical service
for deploying collaboration software
and running applications on institutional
and commercial ‘clouds’
GeantV – demonstrate speedup in simulation
of a realistic large LHC-size detector
HEP Software Foundation (HSF) – aim to
collaborate with new partners on development
and maintenance of software packages for HEP
see: http://hepsoftwarefoundation.org
SFT
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015
Theory
ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015 21
• Excellence and creativity in all vital areas of theoretical physics
• Standard Model, collider phenomenology
• Beyond the SM, including neutrinos and non-accelerator experiments
• Astroparticle physics and cosmology
• Quantum Field Theory and string theory
• Heavy ion physics - Lattice field theory
phen: 422
theory: 166
astro: 110
lattice: 36
math: 19
gravity: 63
Papers versus fields, CERN TH 2014
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015 ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015 22
Diversity
Neutrino platform: supporting R&D on large-scale detectors
WA104: ICARUS at CERN WA105: preparation of large dual-phase LAr TPC
HIE-ISOLDE: upgrade to higher energy (10 MeV/nucleon) and intensity TSR@ISOLDE: transfer of a storage ring from Heidelberg, for integration into ISOLDE
ELENA (Extra Low Energy Antiproton Ring): additional ring for the AD to provide cooler antiprotons to more experiments
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Impact on our lives
Spin-off of fundamental research
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CERN: Particle Physics and Innovation
Interfacing between fundamental science and key
technological developments
CERN Technologies and Innovation
Detecting particles Accelerating particle
beams
Large-scale
computing (Grid)
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Medical Application as an Example of Particle Physics Spin-off
Combining Physics, IT, Biology and Medicine to fight cancer
Accelerating particle beams ~30’000 accelerators worldwide
~17’000 used for medicine
Hadron Therapy
Leadership in Ion
Beam Therapy now
in Europe and
Japan
Tumour
Target
Protons
light ions
>100’000 patients treated worldwide (45 facilities)
>50’000 patients treated in Europe (14 facilities)
X-ray protons
Detecting particles
Imaging PET Scanner
Clinical trial in Portugal, France
and Italy for new breast imaging
system (ClearPEM)
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015 2/3/2015 26
Advantages of hadron therapy
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015
Beam monitors for hadron therapy R&D in microtechnology
Microfluidic scintillation detectors are
being studied as online beam monitors
in hadron therapy.
Patent Filed in 2012
PCT/EP2012001980
cern.ch/microscint
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015
Spinoff - The World Wide Web (Tim Berners-Lee)
28
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The future
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CERN mission : fundamental research
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The Standard Model
One missing piece : masses are not explained
possible solution, Higgs mechanism
LHC 2012 : Higgs Boson
gives mass to particles
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Nobel Prize in Physics 2013
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 was awarded jointly to François Englert
and Peter W. Higgs "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that
contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic
particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the
predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at
CERN's Large Hadron Collider”. 32
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Future
The Standard Model is not the end of the story (e.g. gravity not included)
Matter distribution: visible from X-rays (pink)
Dark Matter from gravitational lensing (blue)
Bullet cluster: colliding galaxies
2015-18: p-p collisions at Ecm = 13–14 TeV (start-up in May)
2020s: High Luminosity LHC, > 10x more data
Recent astrophysical measurements
indicate that the universe is made of:
5% known matter
25 % “dark matter” 70% “dark energy”
Today we understand only 5%
of the universe composition
A theory – Supersymmetry – predicts new heavy elementary particles.
Among them the neutralino, a possible candidate for
the universe dark matter
Could it be light enough to be produced abundantly at the LHC?
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015
LHC Schedule 2015 (Q1/Q2)
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First beam ~mid-March – 8 weeks commissioning – First Physics in May
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Livio Mapelli ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015 ISOTDAQ2015 - Rio de Janeiro - 31 January 2015 35
LHC Schedule longer term
Integrated luminosity goal: 2015: 10 fb-1
RUN2: 100-120 fb-1
Before LS3 (LHC upgrade): 300 fb-1
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Livio Mapelli
FCC: Study of large circular machine with possible pp, ee (and eh) options Design to be driven by pp, aiming for 100 TeV c.m. for discovery reach Latest layout 93 km circumference
[J. Osborne]
CEPC: 54 km circular e+e- machine (China)
Both are higher energy options than related facilities considered elsewhere:
ILC: 30 km linear e+e- machine (Japan)
[P. Burrows] [Y. Wang]
FCC CLIC
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How do we manage this?
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38
CERN was founded 1954: 12 European States
“Science for Peace”
Today: 21 Member States
Member States: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom
States in Accession to Membership: Romania, Serbia
Applicant States for Membership or Associate Membership: Brazil, Croatia, Cyprus, Pakistan, Russia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine
Observers to Council: India, Japan, Russia, Turkey, United States of America; European Union and UNESCO
~ 2300 staff
~ 1300 other paid personnel
~ 11500 scientific users
Budget (2015) ~1000 MCHF
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Livio Mapelli
Science is growing more and more global
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Livio Mapelli
Age distribution of scientists at CERN (and where they go afterwards)
They do not all stay: where do they go?
Amongst them,
>2500 PhD students
in LHC experiments
26
65
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CERN
– innovate, discover, publish, share
… and bring the world together
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Contrary to popular belief, our community is rather elementary:
It has simple rules, honed by centuries of practice
It shares a common vision and a common set of values
It is based on collaboration AND competition
Science is intrinsically not democratic (can’t understand the
laws of nature by vote!) and therefore it has to be performed
with the most democratic tools:
Freedom of expression
Peer reviewing
Independency from political orientation, religion, social status,
etc…
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The scientists
Despite the usual cinematographic representation, we DO NOT
Wear white lab coats
Live in ivory towers
Find a revolutionary result every second day (scientist = genius)
… And we are not only men!
We are a pragmatic community capable to address in a very
material way grand and (apparently) immaterial questions,
knowing that for every answer we might find, we open
more and unpredicted questions.
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We definitely prefer to be
Ministers of Doubt than Kings of Truth
Doubt is the basis of freedom (ubi dubium, ibi libertas)
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THANK YOU!