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The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists
of: • The spinal cord
• Integrates and processes information• Can function with the brain• Can function independently of the brain
• The brain• Integrates and processes information• Can function with the spinal cord• Can function independently of the spinal cord
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Features of the Spinal Cord
• 45 cm in length• Passes through the Foramen Magnum
• Extends from the brain to L1
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Transverse view:
White matter
Gray matter
Central canal
Dorsal root and ventral root: merge to form a spinal nerve
Dorsal root is sensory: axons extend from the soma within the dorsal root ganglion
Ventral root is motor
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FeaturesConsist of:
Sensory nerves : transmit impulses toward the spinal cord
Motor nerves : transmit impulses away from the spinal cord
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Spinal Meninges Specialized membranes that provide protection,
physical stability, and shock absorption
Denticulate ligaments help anchor the spinal cord in position
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Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
Gray matter
Central canal
Consists of somas (cell bodies) surrounding the central canal
White matter
Consists of axons Nerves are organized into tracts or columns
Located outside the gray matter area
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Peripheral Nerves Epineurium: outer layer – becomes continuous with
the dura mater
Perineurium: layer surrounding a fascicle – a fascicle is a bundle of axons
Endoneurium: layer surrounding a single axon
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The Cervical Plexus (C1–C5)
• Consists of cutaneous and muscular branches
• Cutaneous branch innervates: Head ,Neck, Chest
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The Brachial Plexus (C–T1)
The immediate nerves emerging from C5 to T1 are the:
• Superior trunk • Middle trunk• Inferior trunk
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Lumbar Plexuses T12- L4
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Thoracic Plexus T1-T12
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Lumbar Plexuses T12- L4
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Sacral Plexus L5-S4
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Vertebrae Anatomy Vertebrae Body
Drum shape body that bears weight and compression
Vertebrae Arch Provides space and
protection for spinal cord
Accessory Processes Allows for muscle
attachment
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Intervertebral Discs Each vertebrae is separated and cushioned by
intervertebral discs.
Keeps the bones from rubbing together