Download - The bones of the axial skeleton
The bones of the axial skeleton
SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 Cranium 8 APPENDICULAR SKELETON (see Section 2)
Skull 126 Face 14 Skull and associated bones 29 Auditory ossicles 6
Associated bones Hyoid 1 AXIAL SKELETON Costal cartilages
(cartilages of ribs) 80 Sternum 1 Thoracic cage 25 Ribs 24
Intervertebral discs (cartilage) Vertebrae 24 Vertebral column 26
Sacrum 1 Coccyx 1 Figure 7 Section 1 The Axial Skeleton Figure 7
Section 1 1 Section 1: Axial Skeleton
Forms longitudinal axis of body Includes: Skull and associated
bones Thoracic cage Vertebral column Various supplemental
cartilages Typically 80 bones Module 7.9: Vertebral column
Consists of 26 bones (24 vertebrae, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx) Functions
Provides a column of support Transfers weight to lower limbs
Protects spinal column Helps maintain upright position Module 7.9:
Vertebral column
Spinal curves Primary (before birth) and secondary (after birth)
Cervical curve (secondary) Develops as infant learns to balance
head on vertebrae Thoracic curve (primary) Accommodation of
thoracic organs Lumbar curve (secondary) Develops with ability to
stand to balance trunk over limbs Sacral curve (primary)
Accommodates abdominopelvic organs The spinal curves and vertebral
regions in the adult vertebral column
Primary curves develop before birth, and secondary curves after
birth. Regions are defined by anatomical characteristics of
individual vertebrae. C1 C2 Cervical curve (a secondary curve) C3
C4 Cervical (7 vertebrae) C5 C6 C7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Thoracic curve (a
primary curve) T6 T7 Thoracic (12 vertebrae) T8 T9 T10 T11 T12
Figure The vertebral column has four spinal curves, and vertebrae
have both anatomical similarities and regional differences L1 L2
Lumbar curve (a secondary curve) L3 Lumbar (5 vertebrae) L4 L5
Sacral Sacral curve (a primary curve) Coccygeal Figure 5 Figure The
vertebral column has four spinal curves, and vertebrae have both
anatomical similarities and regional differences Figure 6 Module
7.9: Vertebral column
Vertebral regions (defined by anatomical characteristics of
individual vertebrae) Cervical (7 vertebrae) Thoracic (12
vertebrae) Lumbar (5 vertebrae) Sacral Coccygeal The parts of a
typical vertebra Parts of a Vertebra
Articular processes Vertebral arch Vertebral body Figure The
vertebral column has four spinal curves, and vertebrae have both
anatomical similarities and regional differences Superior view
Figure 8 Module 7.9: Vertebral column
Parts of typical vertebra Articular processes Extend superiorly and
inferiorly to articulate with adjacent vertebrae Vertebral body
Transfers weight along vertebral column axis Vertebral arch (next
slide) Vertebral foramen Formed by vertebral body and arch The
parts of the vertebral arch The Vertebral Arch
Spinous process Vertebral foramen Laminae Transverse process Figure
The vertebral column has four spinal curves, and vertebrae have
both anatomical similarities and regional differences Pedicles
Inferior view Figure 10 Module 7.9: Vertebral column
Characteristics of articulated vertebrae Intervertebral discs Pads
of fibrous cartilage found between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
Intervertebral foramina Spaces between successive pedicles Passage
of nerves and blood vessels Vertebral canal Encloses spinal cord A
lateral view of three vertebrae
Pedicle Intervertebral disc Intervertebral foramina Figure The
vertebral column has four spinal curves, and vertebrae have both
anatomical similarities and regional differences Vertebral body
Vertebral canal Figure 12 Superior articular process Inferior
articular process
A posterior view of two vertebrae Articular facet Superior
articular process Inferior articular process Figure The vertebral
column has four spinal curves, and vertebrae have both anatomical
similarities and regional differences Figure 13 Module 7.9 Review
a. Name the major components of a typical vertebra.
b.What is the importance of the secondary curves of the spine? c.To
which part of the vertebra do the intervertebral discs attach?
Module 7.10: Cervical and thoracic vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae Characteristics Smallest of vertebral column
Extend from occipital bone to thorax Large vertebral foramen Spinal
cord here has many axons connecting to brain Vertebral body is
small and light Only supports weight of head A typical cervical
vertebra
Bifid spinous process Vertebral foramen Transverse foramen
Transverse process Figure There are seven cervical vertebrae and
twelve thoracic vertebrae Vertebral body Costal process Figure 16
Module 7.10: Cervical and thoracic vertebrae
First two cervical vertebrae Specialized to stabilize cranium while
permitting head movement Atlas (C1) (named after Greek god who
holds world) No spinous process No vertebral body Large round
vertebral foramen Axis (C2) Prominent dens or odontoid (odontos,
tooth) process of body The first two cervical vertebrae: the atlas
and the axis Anterior
arch of atlas Atlas Dens (odontoid process) Ligament that enables
rotation (as in shaking the head to indicate no) Joint that permits
nodding (as in indicating yes) Figure There are seven cervical
vertebrae and twelve thoracic vertebrae Axis Posterior arch of
atlas Figure 18 A lateral view of the seven cervical
vertebrae
prominens Figure There are seven cervical vertebrae and twelve
thoracic vertebrae Figure 20 Module 7.10: thoracic vertebrae
Twelve thoracic vertebrae Body of each (moving inferior) is more
robust than the one superior due to bearing of increasing weight
Each has costal facets that articulate with ribs Characteristics
Distinctive heart-shaped body Smaller vertebral foramen Long,
slender, inferiorly pointing spinous process Figure 7.10.4 There
are seven cervical vertebrae and twelve thoracic vertebrae
22 A typical thoracic vertebra in superior view
Transverse process Spinous process Superior articular facet
Vertebral foramen Superior costal facet Figure There are seven
cervical vertebrae and twelve thoracic vertebrae Vertebral body
Figure 23 A typical thoracic vertebra in lateral view
Superior costal facet Transverse costal facet Vertebral body
Spinous process Inferior costal facet Figure There are seven
cervical vertebrae and twelve thoracic vertebrae Transverse process
Figure 24 Lumbar vertebrae Five lumbar vertebrae
Largest and transmit most weight Characteristics Do not have costal
facets Have slender transverse processes Triangular vertebral
foramen Module 7.11: Lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx
Five fused vertebrae Completely fused by ~2530 years old Module
7.11: Lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx
Three to five fused vertebrae Begin fusing about age 2 Module 7.11
Review a.How many vertebrae are present in the lumbar region? In
the sacrum? b.What structure forms the posterior wall of the pelvic
girdle?We have not gone over this yet but what do you think it
would be? c.Why are the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae so large?
Module 7.12: Thoracic cage Thoracic cage
Provides bony support to thoracic cavity walls Protects heart,
lungs, thymus, and other thoracic cavity organs Attachment for
muscles involved in Respiration Maintenance of vertebral column
position Movements of pectoral girdle and upper limbs An anterior
view of the thoracic cage
Jugular notch T1 1 2 3 Sternum Manubrium 4 5 Ribs Figure The
thoracic cage protects organs in the chest and provides sites for
muscle attachment Vertebrosternal ribs (ribs 17) 6 Body 11 T11
Vertebrosternal ribs (ribs 810) 7 T12 12 8 9 Floating ribs (ribs 11
and 12) Xiphoid process 10 Costal cartilages Figure 30 Module 7.12:
Thoracic cage Thoracic cage components Ribs
Very mobile and flexible bones Types Vertebrocostal ribs (ribs 17)
Connect to sternum via individual costal cartilages
Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 810) Connect to sternum via shared
costal cartilages Floating ribs (ribs 11 and 12) No connection to
sternum Also known as vertebral ribs Module 7.12: Thoracic cage
Thoracic cage components (continued)
Sternum Forms anterior midline of thoracic wall Three regions
Manubrium (superior portion that articulates with clavicles and
first pair of ribs) Body (attaches inferiorly to manubrium and to
ribs 7) Xiphoid process (smallest, most inferior region) Ribs: Head
or capitulum (attachment to vertebra)
Angle (bend connecting head to shaft) Shaft (tubular body)
Posterior view of a representative rib (ribs 29) Articular facets
on head Capitulum Tubercle Angle of the rib Shaft Figure The
thoracic cage protects organs in the chest and provides sites for
muscle attachment Superficial surface Costal groove Figure 33 The
action of a typical rib, which can be likened to the movement
of a buckets handle Sternum Ribs Figure The thoracic cage protects
organs in the chest and provides sites for muscle attachment Figure
34 Superior view of a representative rib
Transverse process Tubercular facet Superior articular facet
Transverse costal facet Figure The thoracic cage protects organs in
the chest and provides sites for muscle attachment Inferior
articular facet Figure 35 Section 2: Appendicular Skeleton
Consists of bones of the limbs and supporting elements (or girdles)
that connect them to trunk 126 bones Pectoral girdle (4) Upper
limbs (60) Pelvic girdle (2) Lower limbs (60) The bones of the
appendicular skeleton
SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 Clavicle 2 Pectoral girdle 4
Scapula 2 Humerus 2 Radius 2 Ulna 2 Upper limbs 60 Carpal bones 16
Metacarpal bones 10 APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126 Phalanges (proximal,
middle, distal) 28 Hip bone (coxal bone) 2 Pelvic girdle 2 Figure 7
Section 2 The Appendicular Skeleton Femur 2 Patella 2 Tibia 2
Fibula 2 Lower limbs 60 Tarsal bones 14 Metatarsal bones 10
Phalanges 28 Figure 7 Section 2 37 Pectoral (shoulder) girdle Joins
arm to trunk
Consists of clavicle and scapula The relationship of the clavicle
to adjacent bones Clavicle Jugular notch Scapula Humerus Figure The
pectoral girdlesthe clavicles and scapulaeconnect the upper limbs
to the axial skeleton Anterior view Figure 38 Module 7.13: Pectoral
girdle
Clavicle Originate or Attaches at superior, lateral border of
manubrium Characteristics Sternal end Pyramid-shaped Articulates
with acromion of scapula Acromial end Flatter, broader than sternal
end Rough interior surface bearing lines and tubercles Two views of
the right clavicle
Superior view LATERAL MEDIAL Acromial end Sternal end Figure The
pectoral girdlesthe clavicles and scapulaeconnect the upper limbs
to the axial skeleton LATERAL Inferior view MEDIAL Figure 40 Module
7.13: Pectoral girdle
Scapula Body Broad, smooth triangle Subscapular fossa Anterior
surface depression Glenoid cavity Cup-shaped Articulates with
humerus Scapular spine Ridge on posterior surface Supraspinous
fossa (supra, above) Infraspinous fossa (infra, below) Acromion
process End of spine Coracoid process Anterior, superior to glenoid
cavity Two views of the right scapula
Scapular spine Acromion Coracoid process Superior border Superior
angle Acromion Supraspinous fossa Subscapular fossa Process that
supports the cup-shaped glenoid cavity Figure The pectoral
girdlesthe clavicles and scapulaeconnect the upper limbs to the
axial skeleton Medial border Infraspinous fossa Lateral border
Anterior view Posterior view Inferior angle Figure 4 42 Two views
of the right scapula
Scapular spine Acromion Coracoid process Superior border Superior
angle Acromion Supraspinous fossa Subscapular fossa Process that
supports the cup-shaped glenoid cavity Figure The pectoral
girdlesthe clavicles and scapulaeconnect the upper limbs to the
axial skeleton Medial border Infraspinous fossa Lateral border
Anterior view Posterior view Inferior angle Figure 4 43 A lateral
view of the right scapula
Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Acromion Figure The pectoral
girdlesthe clavicles and scapulaeconnect the upper limbs to the
axial skeleton Figure 44 Module 7.13 Review a. Name the bones of
the pectoral girdle.
b. How would a broken clavicle affect the mobility and stability of
the scapula? c.Which bone articulates with the scapula at the
glenoid cavity? Module 7.14: Humerus, radius, ulna
Skeleton of upper limbs includes those of arms, forearms, wrists,
and hands Arm = shoulder to elbow Forearm = elbow to wrist Module
7.14: Humerus, radius, ulna
Head Proximal end that articulates with glenoid cavity (scapula)
Lesser tubercle Smaller projection on anterior, medial epiphyseal
surface Greater tubercle Rounded projection on lateral epiphyseal
surface Establishes lateral contour of shoulder Intertubercular
groove Between tubercles Important for muscle attachment Surface
features of the right humerus
Anterior view Posterior view Head Greater tubercle Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Anatomical neck Surgical
neck Radial groove Shaft Deltoid tuberosity Figure The humerus of
the arm articulates with the radius and ulna of the forearm Radial
fossa Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial
epicondyle Trochlea Capitulum Trochlea Figure 48 Module 7.14:
Humerus, radius, ulna
Humerus (continued) Anatomical neck Marks extent of joint capsule
Surgical neck Fractures typically occur here Deltoid tuberosity
Large, rough elevation on lateral surface Attachment of deltoid
muscle Radial groove Crosses inferior end of deltoid tuberosity
Depression marking path of radial nerve Surface features of the
right humerus
Anterior view Posterior view Head Greater tubercle Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Anatomical neck Surgical
neck Radial groove Shaft Deltoid tuberosity Figure The humerus of
the arm articulates with the radius and ulna of the forearm Radial
fossa Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial
epicondyle Trochlea Capitulum Trochlea Figure 50 Module 7.14:
Humerus, radius, ulna
Humerus (continued) Radial fossa Accommodates portion of radial
head Condyle (attachment point for radius and ulna) Capitulum
Lateral surface of condyle Trochlea (trochlea, pulley) Medial
surface of condyle Extends from olecranon fossa (posterior) to
coronoid fossa (anterior) These depressions accept projections of
ulna Module 7.14: Humerus, radius, ulna
Ulna and radius Parallel bones that support forearm In anatomical
position, ulna is medial to radius Shafts connected via interosseus
membrane Proximal radio-ulnar joint Distal radio-ulnar joint
Surface features of the right ulna and radius
Posterior view Anterior view Radial head Trochlear notch Olecranon
Neck of the radius Coronoid process Proximal radio-ulnar joint
Radial notch at proximal radio-ulnar joint Radial tuberosity Ulna
Radius Radius Ulna Figure The humerus of the arm articulates with
the radius and ulna of the forearm Interosseous membrane Ulnar
notch Distal radio-ulnar joint Ulnar head Styloid process of the
radius Ulnar head Styloid process of the ulna Figure 53 Module
7.14: Humerus, radius, ulna
Ulna (In anatomical Position Ulna is Medial to the Radius!!!)
Olecranon Superior end of ulna Point of elbow Ulnar head Distal,
slender, rounded end Styloid process (styloid, long and pointed)
Posterior, lateral surface of head Module 7.14: Humerus, radius,
ulna
Radial head Articulates with capitulum of humerus During flexion,
swings into radial fossa of humerus Neck From radial head to
tuberosity Styloid process Distal radius that articulates with
bones of wrist Module 7.15: Carpal bones, metacarpals, and
phalanges
Carpus Eight carpal bones arranged in two rows of four bones
Proximal carpal bones Scaphoid (skaphe, boat) Lateral border of
wrist Closest to styloid process of radius Lunate (luna, moon)
Medial to scaphoid Articulates with radius Pisiform (pisum, pea)
Anterior to triquetrum Triquetrum (triquetrus, three-cornered)
Articulates with disc separating ulna from wrist Module 7.15:
Carpal bones, metacarpals, and phalanges
Carpus (continued) Distal carpal bones Trapezium (trapezion, four
sided with no parallel sides) Lateral bone that articulates with
scaphoid Trapezoid Medial to trapezium Proximal articulation with
scaphoid Capitate (caput, head) Largest carpal bone Between
trapezoid and hamate Hamate Medial carpal bone The bones of the
carpus (wrist)
Proximal Carpal Bones Scaphoid Lunate Pisiform Triquetrum Right
wrist and hand, anterior (palmar) view Radius Ulna I II III IV V
Metacarpal bones Figure The wrist is composed of carpal bones, and
the hand consists of metacarpal bones and phalanges Proximal
phalanx Distal Carpal Bones Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Figure 58 Module 7.15: Carpal bones,
metacarpals, and phalanges
Metacarpals (metacarpus, hand) Articulate with distal carpal bones
and support hand Identified by Roman numerals IV, from lateral to
medial Distally articulate with proximal finger bones Phalanges 14
phalanges per hand Pollex (thumb) has 2 phalanges (proximal and
distal) All other fingers have 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, and
distal) The metacarpal bones (designated IV) and the phalanges of
the hand Radius Ulna Proximal Carpal Bones Scaphoid Lunate
Triquetrum Distal Carpal Bones Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid
Capitate Hamate I V III II IV Proximal phalanx of pollex Metacarpal
bones Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx of pollex Figure The wrist is
composed of carpal bones, and the hand consists of metacarpal bones
and phalanges Middle phalanx Right wrist and hand, posterior
(dorsal) view Distal phalanx Figure 60 Module 7.16: Pelvic girdle
Pelvic girdle
Consists of paired hip bones (coxal bones) Hip bone formed by
fusion of three bones Ilium Ischium Pubis Acetabulum (acetabulum,
vinegar cup) Concave socket formed by all three fused bones
Articulates with head of femur Module 7.16: Pelvic girdle
Ilium
Iliac spines Attachment of important muscles and ligaments Iliac
crest Important ridge for muscle attachment Ischium Ischial spine
Projects superior to sciatic notch Passage of blood vessels,
nerves, and small muscle Ischial tuberosity Roughened projection
Supports body weight when seated Pubis Pubic symphysis Connects
pubic bones via fibrous cartilage pad A hip bone, which consists of
an
ilium, an ischium, and a pubis Ilium A lateral view of the right
hip bone POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Pubis Ischium Iliac crest Gluteal Lines
Medial Anterior Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior Posterior
superior iliac spine Lunate surface Posterior inferior iliac spine
Figure The hip bone forms by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and
pubis Greater sciatic notch Acetabulum Ischial spine Ischial ramus
Ischial tuberosity Acetabular notch Figure 2 63 A hip bone, which
consists of an
ilium, an ischium, and a pubis Ilium A lateral view of the right
hip bone POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Pubis Ischium Iliac crest Gluteal Lines
Medial Anterior Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior Posterior
superior iliac spine Lunate surface Posterior inferior iliac spine
Figure The hip bone forms by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and
pubis Greater sciatic notch Acetabulum Ischial spine Ischial ramus
Ischial tuberosity Acetabular notch Figure 2 64 A medial view of
the right hip bone
Ilium ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Pubis Ischium Iliac crest Iliac tuberosity
Iliac fossa Auricular surface of the ilium Arcuate line of the
ilium Figure The hip bone forms by the fusion of the ilium,
ischium, and pubis Greater sciatic notch Pectineal line Obturator
foramen Superior pubic ramus Pubic symphysis Ischial ramus Inferior
pubic ramus Figure 65 Module 7.16 Review a. Describe the
acetabulum.
b.Which three bones fuse to make up a hip bone? c.When you are
seated, which part of the hip bone bears your bodys weight? Pelvis:
two hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx
The structures of the pelvis Pelvis: two hip bones, sacrum, and
coccyx Sacrum Hip Bone Ilium Coccyx Pubis Ischium L5 Iliac crest
Iliac fossa Ilium Sacrum Figure The pelvis consists of the two hip
bones plus the sacrum and the coccyx Sacro-iliac joint Acetabulum
Pubic tubercle Obturator foramen Ischium Pubic symphysis Figure 67
Module 7.18: Femur, tibia, and fibula
Skeleton of lower limb consists of: Femur (thigh) Patella (kneecap)
Tibia and fibula (leg) Connected with interosseus membrane
Metatarsal bones and phalanges (foot) Same number of bones as upper
limb Functional anatomy is different due to weight-bearing
properties Module 7.18: Femur, tibia, and fibula
Longest and heaviest bone in body Articulates with hip at hip joint
Articulates with tibia at knee joint Characteristics Femoral head
Articulates with pelvis at acetabulum Fovea capitis Small pit
containing ligament attaching head to acetabulum Neck Joins shaft
at about 125 Figure 7.18.1-2 The femur articulates with the patella
and tibia
Landmarks of the right femur Neck Fovea capitis Greater trochanter
Greater trochanter Femoral head Intertrochanteric crest Gluteal
tuberosity Intertrochanteric line Linea aspera Lesser trochanter
Anterior view Posterior view Figure The femur articulates with the
patella and tibia Shaft Lateral supracondylar ridge Popliteal
surface Adductor tubercle Patellar surface Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle Intercondylar fossa Lateral condyle Medial
condyle Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle Figure 70 Module 7.18:
Femur, tibia, and fibula
Femur (continued) Characteristics Greater trochanter Large, rough
projection that extends laterally Attachment site for large tendons
Lesser trochanter Smaller process that projects posteriorly and
mediall Linea aspera (aspera, rough) Attachment of powerful hip
muscles Popliteal surface (poples, hollow of knee) Flattened
triangular area on posterior Medial and lateral condyles
Participate in knee joint at distal end Separated by: Patellar
surface (anterior) Intercondylar fossa (posterior) Figure 7.18.1-2
The femur articulates with the patella and tibia
Landmarks of the right femur Neck Fovea capitis Greater trochanter
Greater trochanter Femoral head Intertrochanteric crest Gluteal
tuberosity Intertrochanteric line Linea aspera Lesser trochanter
Anterior view Posterior view Figure The femur articulates with the
patella and tibia Shaft Lateral supracondylar ridge Popliteal
surface Adductor tubercle Patellar surface Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle Intercondylar fossa Lateral condyle Medial
condyle Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle Figure 72 Module 7.18:
Femur, tibia, and fibula
Patella Large sesamoid bone that forms in quadriceps tendon
Characteristics Base Attachment of quadriceps tendon Apex
Attachment of patellar ligament (patella to tibia) Lateral facet
For lateral condyle of femur Medial facet For medial condyle of
femur Anterior view Posterior view
The surface features of the patella Base of patella Lateral facet,
for lateral condyle of femur Attachment area for quadriceps tendon
Medial facet, for medial condyle of femur Attachment area for the
patellar ligament, which attaches the patella to the tibia
Articular surface of patella Apex of patella Figure The femur
articulates with the patella and tibia Anterior view Posterior view
Figure 74 Module 7.18: Femur, tibia, and fibula
Tibia (shinbone) Large medial bone of leg Characteristics
Intercondylar eminence Ridge separating lateral and medial tibial
condyles Tibial tuberosity Attachment of patellar ligament Medial
malleolus (malleolus, hammer) Medial projection of ankle that
supports joint Module 7.18: Femur, tibia, and fibula
Attachment of muscles that move foot and toes Provides lateral
stability to ankle joint Characteristics Head Articulates with
tibia proximally Lateral malleolus Anterior view Posterior
view
The features of the right tibia and fibula Superior tibiofibular
joint Articular surface of medial tibial condyle Intercondylar
eminence Lateral tibial condyle Articular surface of lateral tibial
condyle Medial tibial condyle Head of the fibula Lateral tibial
condyle Tibial tuberosity Head of fibula Interosseous membrane
Anterior view Posterior view Anterior margin of the tibia Figure
The femur articulates with the patella and tibia Tibia Fibula
Fibula Medial malleolus of the tibia Inferior tibiofibular joint
Lateral malleolus of the fibula Lateral malleolus (fibula) Inferior
articular surface Figure 77 Module 7.18 Review a. Identify the
bones of the lower limb.
b.Which structure articulates with the acetabulum? c.The fibula
neither participates in the knee joint nor bears weight. Yet, when
it is fractured, walking becomes difficult. Why? Module 7.19:
Tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
Tarsals (7 bones) Calcaneus (heel bone) Largest of tarsal bones
Most weight transmitted from tibia to ground through it Posterior
portion is attachment site for calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)
Talus Transmits weight from tibia toward toes Trochlea of talus
bone forms articulation between tibia and talus Module 7.19:
Tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
Tarsals (continued) Navicular Articulates with talus and three
cuneiform bones Cuboid Articulates with anterior surface of
calcaneus 57. Cuneiform bones Medial, intermediate, lateral Module
7.19: Tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
Articulate with distal surfaces of cuboid and cuneiforms and
phalanges Form distal portion of foot Identified by Roman numerals
IV from medial to lateral IIII articulate with cuneiform bones IV
& V articulate with cuboid Phalanges (toe bones) Same
anatomical organization as fingers (14 bones) Hallux (great toe)
has two bones (proximal and distal) All other toes have three bones
(proximal, middle, distal) The Ankle (Tarsus) The bones of the
ankle and foot The ankle consists of seven tarsal bones. Calcaneus
Talus Navicular Trochlea Cuboid Cuneiform bones Metatarsals
Articulations of the cuboid and the cuneiform bones with the
metatarsal bones V IV III II I Figure 7.19 The ankle and foot
contain tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges Metatarsal
bones (designated IV) Proximal phalanx Phalanges Distal phalanx
Proximal, middle, and distal phalanges Hallux Figure 82 Module
7.19: Tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
Arches of the foot Longitudinal arch Transfers weight between toes
and calcaneus Present because of ligaments and tendons connecting
calcaneus to distal portions of metatarsals Lateral (calcaneal)
portion has much less curvature than medial (talar) portion
Therefore, medial plantar surface elevated to allow passage of
inferior surface muscles, blood vessels, and nerves Creates
transverse arch A lateral view of the right ankle and foot
Cuboid bone Navicular bone Cuneiform bones Metatarsal bones (IV)
Lateral surface of the trochlea Phalanges Lateral view I II
Attachment site for the calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) III IV V
Figure The ankle and foot contain tarsal bones, metatarsal bones,
and phalanges Figure 84 A medial view of the right ankle and
foot
Phalanges Metatarsal bones Medial cuneiform bone Navicular bone
Talus Medial view I Calcaneus Figure The ankle and foot contain
tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges Longitudinal arch
Transverse arch Figure 85 Module 7.19 Review a. Identify the tarsal
bones.
b.Which foot bone transmits the weight of the body from the tibia
toward the toes? c.While jumping off the back steps at his house,
10-year-old Joey lands on his right heel and breaks his foot. Which
foot bone is most likely broken?