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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CS60045 Course Introduction
PROF. PALLAB DASGUPTAINDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY [email protected]://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~pallab
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IIT KHARAGPUR
What is “Artificial Intelligence”?
Turing Test (1950)
• The computer is interrogated by a human via a teletype.
• It passes if the human cannot tell if there is a computer or human at the other end
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What is Intelligence?
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Reasoning
Knowledge
Planning
Learning
Communication
Perception
Kinesthetic
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Kasparov versus Deep Blue
On May 11, 1997, it won a 6-game match by 2 wins to 1 with 3 draws
Today, we have power to evaluate 200 million moves per second !!
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IIT KHARAGPUR
Evolution of AI
1950
1956
1969
1980
1987-1993
1997
2008
2011
2011/12
2012
2014
2015 2016
2016 2018
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Artificial Intelligence
INTELLIGENT COMPUTATION• Automated Problem Solving
• Constraint satisfaction, Optimization, Search
• Planning• Abstraction
• Automated Deduction• Logic, Reasoning algorithms
• Machine Learning• Models, Data, Learning algorithms
• Dealing with un-decidability and intractability
INTELLIGENT INTERFACE• Computer vision• Speech and Natural Language Processing• Robotics
1980 1990 2000 2010
Computation became free !!
Storage became free !!
Communication became free !!
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IIT KHARAGPUR7
PHYSICALWORLD
DecisionSupport
Sensor
Actuation
Sensor
DataAcquisition
DataAcquisition
Actuation Features
Features
Learning(Knowledge Discovery)
Validation (Model
Checking)Deduction
(Forecasting)
Models for Diagnostics,Validation, Control
IntelligentPlanningPlanning and Strategic
Decision Making
CYBER WORLD
Large number of computing elements Sensors everywhere Multitude of protocols
Cyber-Physical Systems and Industrial Internet of Things
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Automotive control systems
Intelligent Machines
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Atomic reactors
Train control systems
Healthcare devices
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Coach and BogeyHealth monitoring Propulsion and
Braking Control /Health monitoringTarget Services
• Train control / localisation• Health monitoring of structure,
propulsion, braking systems• Energy management• Maintenance
Digital Train
• Security and surveillance• Safety /Disaster management• Signaling • Infotainment• Internet/Telephony
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AI in Smart Cities
• Intelligent and integrated transportation systems and traffic control
• Public safety (through intelligent surveillance and crowd sourced information)
• Urban infrastructure planning, construction, and maintenance
• Integrated health-monitoring• Disaster Management• Intelligent buildings (energy,
safety, comfort)
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Would Emperor Shah Jahan have been benefitted if he had AI?
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IIT KHARAGPUR
1. Sub-surface modeling for the foundation
• How will the river shift?• How much moisture may
accumulate in the foundation?• What kind of wood?• How deep?• How much and what kind of
seismic protection?• Deeply embedded sensors
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2. Modeling the Minarets
Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur(towers appear to be tilted towards each other from a distance) Taj Mahal, Agra
(the minarets appear perfectly erect from a distance)
The Taj Mahal Minarets were designed to tilt outwards to create this optical illusion, as well as to guarantee that the minarets would fall outwards in case of an earthquake.
• The minarets are apparently tilting outwards every year
• What is the threat?
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3. Predicting the effect of environment pollution
Now a health-monitoring set-up is in place to provide early warning of any pollutants
Before and after the mud-pack treatment
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4. Business analytics to determine the feasibility of the black Taj
Disclaimer: The proposal for a black Taj may have been a myth according to some historians. However, if it indeed was planned, then it would have been way too expensive for the emperor. While the white marble came from Makrana, no black onyx seems to be available in India.
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Fundamentals
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR 16
The notion of expressing computation as an algorithm Godel’s Incompleteness Theorem (1931):
In any language expressive enough to describe the properties of natural numbers,there are true statements that are undecidable: that is, their truth cannot beestablished by any algorithm.
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Fundamentals
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR 17
Church-Turing Thesis (1936): The Turing machine is capable of computing any computable function This is the accepted definition of computability
The notion of intractability NP-completeness Reduction
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Course Outline
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR 18
Problem solving by search Logic and deduction Planning Reasoning under Uncertainty Learning Additional Topics and Applications
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References
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR 19
Artificial Intelligence – A Modern Approach-- Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig
Principles of Artificial Intelligence-- N J Nilsson
Heuristics-- Judea Pearl