Download - The Automobile Era By the Numbers
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The Automobile EraBy the Numbers
Norman W. GarrickLecture 3.1
Sustainable Transportation
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1915 Model T
http://www.seriouswheels.com/pics-1800-1919/1915-Ford-Model-T-b-nf.jpg
Henry Ford did not invent the automobile or the assembly line. He did, however, change the world by using an assembly line technique to produce cars which could be afforded by everyone. From 1909 to 1927, the Ford Motor Company built more than 15 million Model T cars. Without a doubt, Henry Ford transformed the economic and social fabric of the 20th century.
http://www.modelt.ca/background.html
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http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/images/car_info/large/ford_model_t_ad.jpg
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What Issues of Sustainability are Associated with Increased VMT?
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Vehicle Miles Traveled or
The World After the Model T
Ref for VMT ---- http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2007/vmt421.cfm
1908The Model T
1930sThe Great Depression
1940-45World War II
1956Highway Bill
1973First Oil Crisis
1979Second Oil Crisis
1949Housing Act
1992ISTEA
Post 2005 ???
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Before-the-War
After-the-War
Ref for VMT ---- http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2007/vmt421.cfm
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3,000,000,000,000 miles per year
3 Trillion Miles
How much fuel?
At average fleet efficiency rate of 20 mpg we use 150,000,000,000 gallons of gasoline per year
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150,000,000,000 gallons of gasoline per year
What is the retail cost this gasoline?
At an average cost of $4:00 per gallon
We spend $600,000,000,000 on gasoline per year
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$15,000,000,000,000 Gross Domestic Product of the USA
Retail gasoline cost as a fraction of USA GDP?
4 out of every $1004 %
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% of GDP spent on
Housing 24 %Healthcare 16 %
Food 12 %Transportation 11%
Education 7 %
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VMT/day/capita
Ref for Vehicle Data ---- http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2007_fcvt_fotw474.html
Ref for VMT ---- http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2007/vmt421.cfm
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VMT/capita in USA
• Peaked at 27.9 miles per day per capita in 2004• Deceased by 1.4 miles per day in 2008 – largest one year
decrease ever in absolute terms• In 1942 and 1943, VMT/capita decreased by over 20% in
consecutive years• In contrast the decrease in 2008 was only 5%• The only times VMT/capita decreased was during
i) The great depression of the 1930s, ii) World War IIiii) The Oil Crisis of the 1970s, and iv) The recession of the early 1980sv) Now
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VMT in USA is about27 miles per day per person
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VMT/capita/dayPortland (OR) Metropolitan Area
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VMT/capita versus GDP
Ref: Millard-Ball, A and Schipper, L ‘Are We Reaching a Plateau or “Peak” Travel? Trends in Passenger Transportation in Six Industrialized Countries’, TRB Meeting 2010
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Motor Vehicles/1000 in USA
Ref for Vehicle Data ---- http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2007_fcvt_fotw474.html
Ref for VMT ---- http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2007/vmt421.cfm
China 1995
Western EuropeChina 2005Africa 2005
Central and South America
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Motor Vehicles/1000 USA versus China
2007240 million vehicles in USA28 million vehicles in China
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Motor Vehicles/1000 China
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Motor Vehicles in USA800 per 1000 people
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Motor Vehicles per 1000
The result of supply driven transportation in Zürich?
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Total Number of Vehicles versus Population in USA1900 to 2005
Ref for Vehicle Data ---- http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2007_fcvt_fotw474.html
Ref for VMT ---- http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2007/vmt421.cfm
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Vehicles versus VMT in USA1900 to 2005
Ref for Vehicle Data ---- http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2007_fcvt_fotw474.html
Ref for VMT ---- http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2007/vmt421.cfm
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VMT per Vehicle in USA1900 to 2005
Ref for Vehicle Data ---- http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2007_fcvt_fotw474.html
Ref for VMT ---- http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2007/vmt421.cfm
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Creating Automobility
How did we go from 5 to 200 vehicles per 1000 in less that 20 years?
This change required an enormous shift in how we lived and the structure of our cities.
One battle ground in this revolution was our city streets.
VMT/capita/day Vehicle per 1000
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Before the advent of the automobile, the users of city streets were diverse and included children at
play and pedestrians at large.
By 1930, most streets were primarily motor thoroughfares where pedestrians were condemned
as ‘jaywalkers.’
In Fighting Traffic, Peter Norton argues that to accommodate automobiles, the American city
required not only a physical change but also a social one: before the city could be reconstructed for the
sake of motorists, its streets had to be socially reconstructed as places where motorists belonged.
It was not an evolution, but a bloody and sometimes violent revolution.