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THE ART AND SCIENCE OF MAKING A COMMUNITY RESILIENT TO EARTHQUAKES
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MAKING OUR FUTURE BETTER THAN OUR PAST
UNDER-STANDUNDER-STAND
IDENT-IFY
IDENT-IFY
HEARHEAR
PERSON-ALIZE
PERSON-ALIZE ACTACT
PERIOD OF INTEGRATION
1990-2012
WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY
2012
PERIOD OF IMPLEMENTATION
NOW
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COMMUNITIES ARE AT RISK FROM
• FLOODS• SEVERE
WINDSTORMS• EARTHQUAKES• TSUNAMIS• DROUGHTS• VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS• LANDSLIDES• WILDFIRES
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A COMMUNITY’S BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE MUST BE RESILIENT TO GROUND SHAKING AND GROUND FAILURE
A COMMUNITY’S BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE MUST BE RESILIENT TO GROUND SHAKING AND GROUND FAILURE
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HAZARDSHAZARDS
THE RISK TO A COMMUNITY’S BUILT ENVIRONMENT IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO
ITS VULNERABILITIES
THE RISK TO A COMMUNITY’S BUILT ENVIRONMENT IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO
ITS VULNERABILITIES
EXPOSUREEXPOSURE
VULNERABILITIESVULNERABILITIES LOCATIONLOCATION
RISKRISK
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WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT A CITY AND ITS BUILT ENVIRONMENT (B.E.)
WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT A CITY AND ITS BUILT ENVIRONMENT (B.E.)
• CITIES AND MEGACITIES EXIST BY GEOLOGIC, HYDROLOGIC, AND ATMOSPHERIC CONSENT AND THE B.E.’s VULNER-ABILITIES
• CITIES AND MEGACITIES EXIST BY GEOLOGIC, HYDROLOGIC, AND ATMOSPHERIC CONSENT AND THE B.E.’s VULNER-ABILITIES
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INADEQUATE BUILDING CODES
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
INADEQUATE LIFELINE STANDARDS
SITING IN LOCATIONS PRONE TO SURFACE FAULTING, LAND-SLIDES, &
LIQUEFACTION
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
INADEQUATE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
SITING ON SOFT SOILS
INADEQUATE ANCHORAGE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF VULNER-ABILITIES
CAUSES OF VULNER-ABILITIES
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
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INJURIES AND DEATHS
INJURIES AND DEATHS
CONSEQUENCES OF COMMUNITY VULNERABILITIES
CONSEQUENCES OF COMMUNITY VULNERABILITIES
DAMAGE AND COLLAPSE
DAMAGE AND COLLAPSE
LOSS OF FUNCTIONLOSS OF FUNCTION ECONOMIC LOSSECONOMIC LOSS
RISKRISK
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EVERY COMMUNITY CAN MAKE ITS FUTURE BETTER
THAN ITS PAST
GOAL 1: LEARN FROM THE PAST
GOAL 2: REDUCE COMMUNITY VULNERABILITIES THAT INCREASE RISK FOR PEOPLE, PROPERTY, AND
INFRASTRUCTURE
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PAST DISASTERS PROVIDE A REALITY CHECK
Source: Munich Re and many past earthquakes
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ALL VULNERABILITIES CAN BE FIXED
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ALL VULNERABILITIES ARE FIXABLE
ALL VULNERABILITIES ARE FIXABLE
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ALL VULNERABILITIES ARE FIXABLE
ALL VULNERABILITIES ARE FIXABLE
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ALL VULNERABILITIES ARE FIXABLE
ALL VULNERABILITIES ARE FIXABLE
• A UTILITY CORRIDOR IS VULNERABLE TO LOSS OF FUNCTION WHEN ROUTED THROUGH SOILS THAT ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO LIQUEFACTION.
• A UTILITY CORRIDOR IS VULNERABLE TO LOSS OF FUNCTION WHEN ROUTED THROUGH SOILS THAT ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO LIQUEFACTION.
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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
• WHAT LEVEL OF CASUALTIES WILL OCCUR IN A FUTURE EARTHQUAKE IF THE VULNERABILITIES IN THE B.E. ARE NOT FIXED?
• WHAT LEVEL OF ECONOMIC LOSSES WILL OCCUR IN A FUTURE EARTHQUAKE IF THE VULNER-ABILITIES IN THE B.E. ARE NOT FIXED?
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INADEQUATE SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS
(I.E., BUILDING CODES AND
LIFELINE STANDARDS)
MEAN 1) INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING2) COLLAPSE OF BUILDINGS AND LOSS OF FUNCTION OF LIFELINES
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NOTABLE PAST DISASTERS
• SAN FRANCISCO • 1906
EARTHQUAKE & FIRE
• 3,000 CASUALTIES• $ 524 M LOSS (ORIGINAL VALUES)• $ 180 M INSURED LOSS
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NOTABLE PAST DISASTERS
• TOKYO • 1923
EARTHQUAKE & FIRE
• 142,807 CASUALTIES• $ 2,800 M LOSS (ORIGINAL
VALUES)• $ 590 M INSURED LOSS
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NOTABLE PAST DISASTERS
• MANAGUA • 1972
EARTHQUAKE
• 11,000 CASUALTIES• $ 800 M LOSS (ORIGINAL VALUES)• $ 100 M INSURED LOSS
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PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
• TANGSHAN • 1976
EARTHQUAKE
• 240,000 + CASUALTIES• $ 5,600 M LOSS (ORIGINAL
VALUES)• $ ---0 M INSURED LOSS
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PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
• MEXICO CITY • 1985
EARTHQUAKE
• 9,500 CASUALTIES• $ 4,000 M LOSS (ORIGINAL
VALUES)• $ 275 M INSURED LOSS
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PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
• LOMA PRIETA (SAN FRANCISCO)
• 1989 EARTHQUAKE
• 61 CASUALTIES• $ 5,000 M LOSS (ORIGINAL
VALUES)• $ 1,000 M INSURED LOSS
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PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
• NORTHRIDGE, CALIFORNIA
• 1994 EARTHQUAKE
• 61 CASUALTIES
• $ 44,000 M LOSS (ORIGINAL VALUES)
• $ 15,300 M INSURED LOSS
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PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
• KOBE, JAPAN• 1995
EARTHQUAKE
• 6,400 CASUALTIES• $ 100,000 M LOSS (ORIGINAL
VALUES)• $ 3,000 M INSURED LOSS
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PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
• IZMET, TURKEY• 1999
EARTHQUAKE
• 17,200 CASUALTIES• $ 12,000 M LOSS (ORIGINAL
VALUES)• $ 600 M INSURED LOSS
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PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
• BAM, IRAN • 2003
EARTHQUAKE
• 40,000 CASUALTIES• $ ?000 M LOSS (ORIGINAL
VALUES)• $ --00 M INSURED LOSS
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2003 Bam, Iran Earthquake
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PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
• BANDA ACHE, INDONESIA
• 2004 EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI
• 240,000 CASUALTIES• $ 4,000 M LOSS (ORIGINAL
VALUES)• $ ?--00 M INSURED LOSS
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2004 BANDA ACHE EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
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2004 BANDA ACHE EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
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PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
• SICHUAN PROVINCE, CHINA
• 2008 EARTHQUAKE
• 80,000 CASUALTIES• $ 13,300 M LOSS (ORIGINAL
VALUES)• $ --00 M INSURED LOSS
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SICHUAN, CHINA EARTHQUAKE INADEQUATE BUILDING CODE
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TWENTY-ONE DAYS LATER
45,690,000 people were affected by the disaster.
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HAITI EARTHQUAKE: INADEQUATE BUILDING CODE; JANUARY 12, 2010
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TSUNAMI: JAPANMARCH 12, 2011