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THE ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD449-1066AD
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TIME PERIOD: ANGLO-SAXON
• Key Ideas of Period• Heroic qualities• Community – Communal Hall & Loyalty• Poets (Scops) & Monks• Religious aspects• Christian vs. Pagan•Wyrd=fate
• Aggressive society
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IMPORTANT DATES…• 300s: Celts rule England
• c. 449: Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invade Britain
• 597: King Ethelbert converted to Christianity at Canterbury
• 793: Vikings come
• 1066: William the Conqueror becomes English king
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HEROIC QUALITIES• The Britons were highly influenced by the Celtic legends.
•Celtic legends valued bravery, loyalty, dedication to the king/queen, & fame/success in battle.
•Heroes have fabulous adventures that are remembered and retold forever (think King Arthur).
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HEROIC QUALITIES• Comitatus – heroic ideal - A code of loyalty adopted by the warriors in a clan; loyalty, honor & respect to their lord and to one another.
• Blood vengeance – fight to the death; avenge leader or die trying.
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COMMUNITY – COMMUNAL HALL & LOYALTY
•War with other clans • Law and order kept a clan alive
• clan loyalty was valued above all else.
• The Leader (king, ruler, father-figure) was responsible for everyone’s safety.
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COMMUNITY – COMMUNAL HALL & LOYALTY
•Success was measured by how loyal a warrior was to his lord.
•communal hall –shelter/protectionmeetingsentertainment.
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POETS/SCOPS (PRONOUNCED SHOPS) & MONKS
•Poets or scops
• equal to warriors
• immortalized warriors and heroes in their songs/poetry.
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POETS/SCOPS (PRONOUNCED SHOPS) & MONKS
•Monks• preserved these stories
• recorded these stories in Old English (the Germanic language of the Angles & Saxons)
• preserved the original language of the people.
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RELIGIOUS ASPECTS – PAGAN VS. CHRISTIANDual Authorship
Beowulf
Paganism Christianity
Absence of Christianity God
Animism Christ-like figure
Worship of Natural or Spiritual
Biblical Stories
Fate/Wyrd Presence of Hell
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RELIGIOUS ASPECTS – PAGAN VS. CHRISTIAN
• Animism – “Spirit”; original, celtic religion
• fatalistic (meaning no afterlife) view of the world.
• “Wyrd” means fate. guided in all things.
• Christianity spread and unified the Anglo-Saxons.
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AGGRESSIVE SOCIETY• Absence of Roman control led to many kings/lords all attempting to control Britain.
• Angles & Saxons from Germany, & Jutes from Denmark come to Britain in hopes of conquering for themselves.
• warriors and lords had to defend against attacks and other clans to establish dominance.
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AGGRESSIVE SOCIETY• King Alfred of Wessex led the Angles & Saxons against the Jutes (Danes), unifying those clans. • “Angle-land” became England.• In 1066, William, Duke of Normandy invaded, and finally unified the country under one king.
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BEOWULFAnglo-Saxon Literature
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BEOWULF – LITERARY DEVICES
1.Alliteration – repeated beginning sound in 2 or more words that are close together In Beowulf, this happens in almost
every line of the poem, & there is no consistent pattern of rhyme.
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BEOWULF – LITERARY DEVICES
2. Kenning – type of metaphor that uses a compound expression to name a person or thing. Ex: “whale road” = _______________ ;
“life-lord” = ______________; “ring giver” = ______________
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BEOWULF – LITERARY DEVICES
3. Litotes – a figure of speech that uses the positive of a statement to mean something negative. Ex: Getting your wisdom teeth removed
with pliers would not be fun! = It would be horrible!
Ex: About the monster Grendel’s home, the king Hrothgar says “Not a pleasant place” = a horrific place!
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THE POEM1.Uncertain when, how, or who
created2. Originally written in Old English 3. Developed out of various influences
(folk tales & traditions)4. Performed by scops (“shops”)• a. Traveling bard/poet• b. Good ones made the most effective use of the common arsenals of oral storytelling formulas• c. Borrowing images or phrases was accepted and expected
5. May have changed as developed
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RELIGIOUS RELATIONS
1. Primarily a pagan poem2.Christian allusions are present
(developed as afterthought to make story appealing to Christians?)a. Omnipotent God figureb. Symbolic rebirthc. Christ’s 12 apostles
(Beowulf’s12 associates)
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EPICS1. Typically emphasize heroic action as well as the
struggle between the hero’s own ethics & mortality
2. 2. Heroic values = comitatus = Germanic honor system that existed in Scandinavian countries in the 5th & 6th centuries between a king & his thanes (warriors).
a. Virtues of thanes = courage, loyalty, reputation
b. Lifelong devotion of thanes = protection, treasure, & land from king
3. Classic epic
a. journey/quest
b. tests/trials
c. divine intervention
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CHARACTERS & TERMS• Mead hall (Herot) – communal hall;
beer/ale hall• Scylfing – Swede• Scylding – Dane• Higlac/Hygelac – King of Geats / uncle to Beowulf• Higd/Hygd – Higlac’s queen • Hrunting – sword given to Beowulf by
Unferth• Naegling – Beowulf’s own sword• Brecca – Beowulf’s friend & swimming competitor
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CHARACTERS & TERMS• Beowulf- (A Geat from Sweden –Scylfing)
– Hero of the story; has superhuman powers/strength; owes a debt to Hrothgar (King of Danes)• Grendel – Monster who is terrorizing the Danes; cannot be hurt by human weapons• Herot – Mead/Communal Hall of the Danes• Hrothgar – (King of the Danes –
“Scylding”) Owed a debt from Beowulf for saving B’s father’s life
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CHARACTERS & TERMS• Unferth – Warrior for the Danes; unable to beat Grendel; jealous of Beowulf• Welthow – Hrothgar’s wife, queen of the Danes• Wiglaf – Symbol of loyalty to Beowulf; B’s cousin
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3 TRIALS OF BEOWULF
1. Grendel
2. Grendel’s Mother
3. Dragon
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FLOW CHART BACKGROUND
Two Kings…
HROTHGAR – King of the Danes
Higlac – King of the Geats
&
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FLOW CHART BACKGROUND
HROTHGAR – King of the Danes
Higlac – King of the Geats
Saved life long ago
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FLOW CHART BACKGROUND
HROTHGAR – King of the Danes
Higlac – King of the Geats
Saved life long ago
Grendel attacks
Sends nephew Beowulf to defeat Grendel
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FLOW CHART BACKGROUND
HROTHGAR – King of the Danes
Higlac – King of the Geats
Saved life long ago
Grendel attacks
Sends nephew Beowulf to defeat Grendel
Beowulf defeats
Grendel
Debt is paid