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Applied mineralogy, 2013 (April, 8th and 22th, Rainer Kündig)
Dimension stones I & II
natural stones, dimension stones building blocks ... blocks, plates, tiles, paving tiles ... wall covering ...
Dimension stones I & II • Intro & Help
• Collections • Date base(es)
• History
• Industry
• Market • Ethics • Transparency • News & trends • Technical inventions & Oops • Environment
• Conservation & Restoration
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Naturstein – wie ihn der Handel oder der Kunde und der Geologe kennt
Natursteine – wie sie der Geologe (fast) nicht mehr kennt
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Natursteine (?) – wie sie der moderne Kunde resp. die Kundin schätzt
Naturstein (?) – wie ihn Architekten und Ingenieure schätzen
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IMPALA NERO dark gabbro, Transvaal. South Africa
SARDO GRIGIO white granite, Prov. Sassari, Sardinia, Italy
HB Zurich: Floor
Recapitulation from Bsc «Rohstoffe der Erde)
HB Zurich: Walls
Do we really know the propriate names ? .... a little test
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Commercial designation vs. petrography
... if you ever have to give an expert opinion (expertise, attest) please remember ... ... macro-and microscopic rock classification ;-) ... or greetings from Nievi & co.
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ETH: until 1975: Lehrstuhl (chair, professorship) for technical mineralogy ... today: Leer-Stuhl...
Dimension stones I & II • Intro & Help
• Collections • Date base(es)
• History
• Industry
• Market • Ethics • Transparency • News & trends • Technical inventions & Oops • Environment
• Conservation & Restoration
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• 736 Bausteine • 210 Sandsteine • 132 Gneise, Granite und
Glimmerschiefer • 322 Kalksteine • 18 Brekzien + Konglomerate • 35 Dachschiefer,
19 Grünschiefer s.l.
Collections, reference books, lietrature
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• Gesteinsmustersammlung (500 Handstücke) und Dünnschliffsammlung (263 Dünnschliffe)
• Angaben zur Naturstein-Industrie 1934, 1949 und 1969
data bases, references
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http://www.natursteinonline.de –> Steinsuche http://www.naturalstone-online.com/stone_search/stone_search.html
Nike Bulletin 1-2, 2012
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Dimension stones I & II • Intro & Help
• Collections • Date base(es)
• History
• Industry
• Market • Ethics • Transparency • News & trends • Technical inventions & Oops • Environment
• Conservation & Restoration
Provenance of important (historic) building materials for a city like Zurich
aus: Geologie des Kantons Zürich, 1999, Ott Verlag, Thun
?
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Natural stones: historical applications
Megalithic monuments at Yverdon VD (Neolithic period, 5000-4000 bc)
from: Die mineralischen Rohstoffe der Schweiz, SGTK 1997
Stone cutting in the middle age
from: Die mineralischen Rohstoffe der Schweiz, SGTK 1997
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Transportation of blocks (20th. century)
from: Die mineralischen Rohstoffe der Schweiz, SGTK 1997
... and today ?
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Marble quarry at Val Peccia TI (Maggia valley)
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Dimension stones I & II • Intro & Help
• Collections • Date base(es)
• History
• Industry
• Market • Ethics • Transparency • News & trends • Technical inventions & Oops • Environment
• Conservation & Restoration
Raw material groups –> categories –> actual situation & trends
Direct application e.g. gravel, sand, building stones, gypsum
Manufacturing (major technical process) e.g. cement, bricks, ceramics
Actual & future (secondary materials) e.g. reuse, recycling, recovery, waste to resource
Ore mining e.g. ore, energy resouces, industrial minerals
Past (in Switzerland)
Massnahmenplan zur Abfall- und Ressourcenwirtschaft2011···2014
AWEL Amt für Abfall, Wasser, Energie und Luft
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Ranking of mineral resources by quantity and value
Mengenmässige Reihenfolge (in Mia. T)
Wertmässige Reihenfolge
(in Mia. €)
dunkle Felder: Weltproduktion verschiedener primärer Rohstoffe helle Felder: jeweils dazugehörige ökologische Rucksäcke*
* die bei der Gewinnung von Mineralen notwendigerweise mitbewegten Massen.
Die «Rucksäcke» stellen Mittelwerte dar, da sie von geologischen Verhältnissen und Technologien abhängen. nach Schmidt-Bleek, 1993: Wie viel Umwelt braucht der Mensch..., Birkhäuser Verlag
z.B. Gold 1 : 350‘000
z.B. Naturstein 1 : 1.2
350‘000
Was sollte uns auch interessieren (primäre Rohstoffseite)
1 : 0.65
z.B. Zement 1 : 10
Zement
1 : 10
1 : 1.2
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Prefabricated and finished products (average, italian exports*)
«Marble» 682 € (385 € bis 1204 €)
«Granite» 832 € (476 € bis 1190 €)
* 2.1 Mia. € !
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Dimension stone: handling and manufacturing
Dimension stones I & II • Intro & Help
• Collections • Date base(es)
• History
• Industry
• Market • Ethics • Transparency • News & trends • Technical inventions & Oops • Environment
• Conservation & Restoration
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CHGEOL GV @ cleanteccity 2013, 21. März
Rainer Kündig Schweizerische Geotechnische Kommission
ETH Zürich, NO F35 8092 Zürich
Resources – Evaluation & Classification (3 important axes)
n http://www.crirsco.com/national.asp
CRIRSCO (Commi6ee for Mineral Reserves Interna=onal Repor=ng Standards ) Na=onal repor=ng standards: § JORC (Australia) § NI 43-‐101 (Canada) § CIM Resource and Reserve Classifica=on Scheme (Canada) § PERC ( Europe) § SAMREC (South Africa) § SME GUIDE (USA)
§ UNFC 2009
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Main activities today –> Transparency ! (in different levels)
Mul--‐stakeholder ini-a-ves • Extrac=ve Industries Transparency Ini=a=ve (EITI)
Development coopera-on ini-a-ves:
• BGR: Cer=fied Trading Chains (CTC) und Fingerprint Government ini-a-ves:
• Interna=onal Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR) • OECD-‐Leitsätze für mul=na=onale Unternehmen • OECD-‐Richtlinien für Krisengebiete • USA: Dodd-‐Frank-‐Act • EU-‐Transparenzdirek=ve
1) SÜDWIND e.V. – Ins=tut für Ökonomie und Ökumene (November 2012). Von der Mine bis zum Konsumenten. Die Wertschöpfungske6e von Mobiltelefonen 2) Mroß, K. (2012). Figh=ng the Curse by Lihing the Curtain: How Effec=ve is Transparency as an Instrument to Escape the Resource Trap
Aim/controlling: –> enhance transparency
Evaluation and validadion of raw material (resources)
Financial aspects
Quality aspects
Environmental aspects
Social aspects
Standards
History
Ethics
Legislation
Geosciences
. . . . . E Q
S F
Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences SATW Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences SCNAT Swiss Academy of Sciences SAGW Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences SAMS Swiss Academy of Medical Scielnec
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Einzel- und Kleinbergbau Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining
sichert momentan 100 Millionen Menschen das Überleben, beschäftigt ca. 15 Millionen
Arbeiter, stellt ca. 90% der Arbeitskräfte in der Goldgewinnung und 10% der globalen Goldförderung.
Arbeit _sehr schlechte und gefährliche Arbeitsbedingungen, _der Arbeiter ist mehr auf sich allein gestellt, _kein Ausbau der Förderanlagen Gesundheit / Umwelt _Gold wird eher mit Quecksilber aus dem Gestein gelöst, was schwere Folgen für Gesundheit und Umwelt hat _Mineuren fehlt oft das Wissen über die Gefahren ihrer Arbeit _akute Bleivergiftungen Handel _Die Mineure sind stark vom lokalen Ankäufer und dem stark schwankenden Goldpreis abhängig. _Viele Mineure sind verschuldet. Beispiel _Nigeria
− Arbeit _sicherer durch Legalisierung und Bildung von Mineuren-Kollektiven _fairere Arbeitsbedingungen _Massnahmen zur Sicherheit bei der Arbeit _Kollektiv ermöglicht den Erwerb benötigter Anlagen Gesundheit/Umwelt _Arbeiter werden über die Risiken der Arbeit informiert _Kollektiv erlaubt den Einsatz des etwas weniger schädlichen Zyanids _Kinder werden geschult, nicht versklavt _Umweltgerechtere Förderung zusammen mit Staat oder NGOs Handel _Kollektive sind weniger von lokalen Händlern abhängig oder verschuldet _Produzenten von Fairtrade and Fairmined Gold erhalten 10 – 15% des Erlöses für den Ausbau ihrer Minen- oder Bildungs-Infrastruktur Beispiele _Peru (z.B. SOTRAMI mining organisation) _Mongolei
+ vor allem illegal NEGATIV
vor allem legal POSITIV
... And in the case of dimension stones ?
additional information: www.solidar.ch www.sah.ch
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Ziele _Verbesserung der Arbeitsbedingungen, _keine Kinder- & Zwangsarbeit, _Umweltschutz und Nachhaltigkeit Vorgehen _Vergabe des eigenen Fair Stone Standard Projekte in _China _Vietnam _Indien _Türkei
Ziele _Bekämpfung von Kinder- und Skalvenarbeit _Bildungsförderung _Sensibilisierung der deutschen Öffentlichkeit Vorgehen _Vergabe eines Zertifikats _Vergabe des Siegels ‚Xertifix‘ _Aufbau von Kontrollmechanismen _Zusammenarbeit mit Hilfwerken _Bildungs-, Lobby-, Öffentlichkeitsarbeit Projekte in _Indien
Fairtrade, Fair Mining (e.g. Max Havelaar – a few years ahead ?)
Den Partnern soll es künftig erlaubt sein, zertifizierte Rohstoffe wie
Kakao oder Zucker mit anderen Inhaltsstoffen aus nicht-fairem Handel
zu mischen. Eine Auszeichnung mit einem Fairtrade-Label soll es
trotzdem geben [...]
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Dimension stones I & II • Intro & Help
• Collections • Date base(es)
• History
• Industry
• Market • Ethics • Transparency • News & trends • Technical inventions & Oops • Environment
• Conservation & Restoration
Fasen, Kantenbearbeitung (Bild aus Stein 03/2012
?
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Stichworte: Zugfestigkeit Druckfestigkeit Biegezugfestigkeit Torsion Verbundwerkstoffe Karbonfasern ...
Keywords: tensile strength (Zugfestigkeit) compressive strength (Druckfestigkeit) bending tensile strength (Biegezugfestigkeit) torsion (Torsion)
Natural stones – News & Trends
translucent walls up to3 x 1.5 meter high granite glass panels Combination of float glass with natural stone tiles –> like giant «thin sections» !
Piuskirche in Meggen LU.
The walls are made out of translucent Greek marble.
Fotos: Internet
Quelle: Stein S10/05
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Dimension stones I & II • Intro & Help
• Collections • Date base(es)
• History
• Industry
• Market • Ethics • Transparency • News & trends • Technical inventions & Oops • Environment
• Conservation & Restoration
Processing of natural stone
surface treatment, polishing Automatisation can be tricky... keywords: • rock composition and chemistry • cracks and cleavage • microporosity • abrasive, abrading medium • grinding block
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Kirche Mogno TI
Construction:
Maggia gneiss Peccia marble mortar (plaster) System:
building, water, drainage, joints, geochemistry... -> sinter !
Damage situation Schadensituationen Damage system Schaden-System
Cause, source, reason Ursache
Effect, impact Wirkung
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2 Years !
Damage situation Schadensituationen Damage system Schaden-System
aus: Broschüre ProNaturstein: Naturstein im Aussenbereich
Joints (seams)
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Bundesplatz Bern
Building stones – «clean», but tricky...
?
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Harmless... in principle. A matter of consulting ;-)
Balmoral and Basaltina ...
A dose of 1 mSv/year is accepted as a limit by the legal ordinance (radiation protection) -> contribution of rock material to the annual dose: only a few % ... few exeptions... Importance to avoid «cummulative» situations Consulting!
Building stones vs. other construction materials
www.bfs.de
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U, Th, ... where do these occur ?
–> unregelmässig verteilt in abundant:
• Zirkon • Monazit • Titanit • Orthit rarely:
Uraninit, Thorit and other uranium bearing ores
Zirkon
Titanit (sphene)
Monazit
Orthit
... and quite another «clean» thing -> clean stone !?
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... and quite another «clean» thing -> clean stone !?
Defects on tiles, paving tiles or plates:
strias, originating from the improper application of the acethylene flame technique
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Team CSI-Rämistrasse – internals from SGTK/NVS
... of real and imagined smells and odors.... ... or, the story of a XRD «standard graph» ... .. and please understand, if I do not tell you the name of the customer/organisation ()
... complimentary information: www.nvs.ch
www.nvs.ch