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Terror Management Theory
Prague, Czech Republic
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TMT and Existential Psychology
Existential psychology began in reaction to Freud’s theories
Both Freudian and existential approaches explore the motivational consequences of human (unconscious) conflicts
However, they differ in which conflicts fundamentally influence human behavior
For Freud the conflict is sex and agression For existentialists it’s our search for
meaning, freedom, coherence ultimately stemmed from the fear of death
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TMT Beginning TMT developers: Jeff
Greenberg, Tom Pyszczynski, and Sheldon Solomon
Penned theoretical papers explaining TMT’s principles (1986)
Theory is based on Ernest Becker’s (1976) The Denial of Death
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TMT: Main Tenets Fear of death is
innate universal unique to humans
Self-awareness leads to death awareness (i.e. recognition that death is unstoppable and unpredictable)
Fear of death fundamental source of human conflict and anxiety Death naturally conflicts with our powerful
self-preservation and freedom instincts
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TMT: Main Tenets
Ultimate motive: to manage this terror
Thus, TMT holds that human behavior fundamentally demonstrates how we cope or manage this anxiety – this terror – of death
But how often do we think about death?
We learn to automatically – that is, unconsciously – repress and manage the fear of death using a “dual-component buffer”:
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TMT: Main Tenets Initial reaction to death awareness is
conscious suppression of death thoughts – Generally successful (low DTA)
After delay, unconscious DTA increases Activates psychological strategies to
defend against death terror: Focus on one’s culture (more enduring than
the individual; provides meaning and support)
Focus on self-esteem
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1. Mortality Salience hypothesis…
…states that when people are reminded of death (mortality salience), they will use various terror management (defense) mechanisms to rid death thoughts from the mind to return to a composed psychological state
Seeing that culture is vital to ward off death anxiety, people should defend their worldviews after mortality salience (i.e., elicit worldview defense)
Worldview defense can either involve a) criticizing others’ disparate worldviews or b) praising others who uphold your
worldview
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I’m going to
live forever!
DELAY
Proximal Effects
Distal Effects
Your worldvie
w sucks!
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First empirical studies… Rosenblatt et al. (1989):
Completed mortality questionnaire (write about your death) or not
Judges read case brief and then allotted bail to the alleged prostitute
$ amount ranged from $1 - $999 Results:
After mortality salience: $455 vs. Control condition: $50
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Rosenblatt et al. (1989) cont.
Also added “heroine condition” in which P’s allotted reward amount to female who apprehended thief ($1,000 - $4,000) After mortality salience: $3,476 vs. Control condition: $1,112
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Mortality Salience: Results MS not only affects attitudes…
e.g., increased derogation of various outgroup members (e.g., Christians vs. Jews)
But also overt behavioral responses… Increased aggression against worldview
transgressors (e.g., allotted more hot sauce to targets who criticized one’s political views)
Decreased affiliation with dissimilar others (e.g., where one chooses, if at all, to sit with worldview threats)
And death thought accessibility BUT ONLY AFTER A DELAY
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2. The Anxiety Buffer hypothesis …states that high self-esteem, shields
individuals from experiencing (death) anxiety
Empirical research says… Greenberg et al. (1992): High self-esteem
lessened self-reported anxiety… in anticipation of electric shocks in response to graphic video in response to receiving information detailing a
short life expectancy Self-esteem also moderated P’s
physiological response in anticipation of electric shocks
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