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Unit 1- Introduction of Biology and the Scientific Method!
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Vocab Introduction! Term or Concept
Meaning Example
Biosphere Everywhere life exists Planet Earth
Biodiversity Variety of life. More biodiversity by the equator because its warmer!
Species Group of organisms so similar that they can breed and produce fertile offspring.
Homo sapiensOrcinus orcaTursiops truncatus
Biology The study of all forms of life.
Bacteria -> Blue Whale
Organism Individual living thing YOU!!!!!
Cell Basic unit of life. Unicellular and multicellular-> bacteria to muscle cell.
Metabolism Chemical process that breaks down or builds up materials.
Eat a burger = energyDigestion= breaks down food.
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Term or Concept
Meaning Example
DNA Genetic Material Fingerprints
System An organized group of related parts that work together to form a whole.
BodyCar
Ecosystem Environment made up of living= biotic and abiotic= non-living things.
Abiotic= rocks, sand, water, sunBiotic= plants and animals
Homeostasis Maintain constant internal conditions.
Body temp.= 98.6 F
Evolution Change over time DNA, animal populations
Adaptation An inherited trait that gives an organism an advantage and is passed to future generations. Can be physical or behavioral.
Webbed feet in ducks, wings, sharp teeth, whiskers, long beak, stripes, aerodynamic body.
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Biodiversity- the variety of life
Life is found in the deep sea, in hot acidic water in Yellowstone, in tree bark, etc
It can be tiny like the honey pot ant or huge like the blue whale.
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What makes an organism an organism?
They MUST have these 8 characteristics:1. Made up of cells2. Metabolism3. DNA4. Stimulus5. Reproduction6. Evolution7. Homeostasis8. Grow and develop
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Made up of Cells The basic unit of life Multicellular – many celled like us Unicellular- one celled such as bacteria Can be microscopic or macroscopic Different cells have specialized functions.
For example- your muscle cells contract and relax, while your stomach cells secrete digestive juices.
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Cells Cells Cells Cells
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Metabolism Chemical process that builds up or breaks
down materials. Every cell needs energy and is either
obtained by eating food or from the sun. Energy= the ability to cause a change or to
do work. Where do you get energy from?
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis Chemosynthesis-> uses chemicals to make
food= hydrothermal vents Photosynthesis= plants
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Chemosynthesis
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Stimulus All organisms must react in order to
survive. Organisms react to light, temperature,
touch, sound What happens to your eyes when you
go from being inside to outside into the bright sunshine?
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DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Genetic material Passed on through reproduction Fingerprint, blood, toe print, tissue. Each organism has their own unique
DNA
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Evolution Change in living things over time. Fossil record Genetic comparisons of species Adaptation- an inherited trait or gene
helps some individuals of a species survive and reproduce more successfully than others. The ones that don’t adapt will die off.
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Reproduction Goal= produce new individuals Pass DNA to offspring Two types- sexual and asexual Single celled organisms take one cell and
divide it into two through binary fission, regeneration or budding-> genetic DNA is IDENTICAL to parent.
Multicellular-> sexually through mitosis and meiosis.
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Examples Jawfish male holds unhatched eggs in his
mouth. The male churns the eggs by spitting them out and taking them back in. Why?
Remove debris, aerate the eggs, and rotate eggs for proper development.
The male seahorse carries offspring Elephant gestation is 22 months Killer whale gestation is 16 months Human gestation is 10 months
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Homeostasis Maintaining constant internal conditions in an
organism. Important because cells function best within a
certain range of conditions. How does a polar bear live in the arctic? How can people be outside below freezing and still
maintain a body temp of 98.6 F / 37 C? Why do you shiver when you are cold? Why do you sweat when it is hot? Why is it important?-> Temperature, blood sugar,
acidity, must be controlled or it can be fatal. Maintained-> negative feedback= change in a
system causes a response that tends to return that system back to its original state.
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Growth and Development
Do you look the same today as the day you were born?
Body grows and changes over the course of 80 + years.
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Systems!!!!! What do you think of when you think
of a system? How is this class a system? Teacher, students, books, materials =
all interact to form a class or a system.
Structure and function are directly correlated…… but how?
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Examples of systems Car-> tires, engine, seats, etc…Different parts
have different functions but they must all work together as a whole to work!
Eating-> bite into food with teeth, chew it with molars, all your teeth help but each set has a certain function.
Chemicals in cells-> membrane channels and enzymes are both made up of proteins. Do they have the same function / structure?
Brain cells vs. Red Blood cells. Brain = carries messages, red= carries oxygen-> both work together to keep the body going. If the brain does not have oxygen it cannot work properly.
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Polar Bear Observation Step 1- Observe the
polar bear. Step 2- What about
the structure of the polar bears hair relates to how it functions?
Step 3- What other observations can you make about its structure, function, and homeostasis?
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Step 2= Thickness= insulation, hollow hair= traps air
Step 3= Fat deposits, skin is black-> absorb heat, transparent hair-> looks white because it reflects visible light like snow does.
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The Scientific Method!!!!
It’s not just a boring process.
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Term or concept
Meaning Example
Observation Using the senses to study the world.
Darwin drew his finches in a journal before he made any scientific gain.
Data Information gathered. Qualitative or quantitative
Qualitative- descriptions like behaviors, smells, etc.
Quantitative- numbers- 50 whales in a pod
Hypothesis Proposed answer for a scientific question.
See note example
Experiment Study factors / variables to find the cause / effect relationships
Independent, dependent, or control variables
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Independent Variable
The variable that is manipulated or changed by the experimenter.
Location of plants:window sillTablegreenhouse
Dependent Variable
Observed and measured during an experiment = the experimental data
-plant height-Number of leaves
Constant The conditions that stay the same. They never change.
Each plant is given a 1/4 cup of water each day.
Theory Explanation that is supported by a wide range of evidence
Theory of Evolution
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The Scientific Method
Used to set up an experiment in order to test a hypothesis or solve a problem.
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Steps1. Make an observation2. Ask a question / Research3. Form a hypothesis4. Experimentation5. Collect data / Results6. Analyze and Conclude7. Repeat
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Observation
Use senses to study the world. Can also use tools such as previous biological research and computers.
Inference= logical interpretation based on prior knowledge.
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Which is it- observation or inference?
1. The skin is red?2. The apple is edible.3. There are seeds inside.4. It can make you healthy.5. It feels smooth.
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Example
The white shark just jumped out of the water.
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Conduct Research- to gain knowledge about what your
studying / researching
Periodicals Research reports Trade magazines- science news Trade books Dictionaries Encyclopedias Indexes Handbooks
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Ask a Question
Do other sharks jump out of the water or just white sharks?
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Hypothesis
Not an EDUCATED GUESS- in science we don’t like to say that we are “guessing”
Prediction based on prior knowledge. Typically use the words If and Then! If a great white shark jumps out of the
water when attacking their prey, then other sharks such as bull sharks should jump out of the water when attacking prey because they belong to the same family, therefore they should have similar behaviors.
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Experiment Try to find the cause and effect relationship. A. Independent Variable-> What you, the
experimenter changes or manipulates. Example- conditions= hot / cold
B. Dependent Variable> the variable that changes because of the IV (results / data). Example- height of the plant (you, the experimenter has zero control over how high that plant grows).
C. Constants and Control Variables-> constants are variables that remain the same, for example each plant receives 1 cup of water per day. Control variable= what is normal, for example- keeping the plant at room temperature.
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Data
Qualitative= descriptions using your senses
Quantitative= Numbers
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Quantitative or Qualitative??
The orca breached out of the water. _______________ The ph remained neutral at 7.____________________ 100 C= _______________________ Aurora borealis = ________________________ Red Tide= __________________________ 35 ppt. =__________________________ The otolith of the fish had 25 rings= _______________ Dolphins are very social creatures. =_______________ A pod of 56 whales. ______________
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Answers1. Qualitative2. Quantitative3. Quantitative4. Qualitative5. Qualitative6. Quantitative7. Quantitative8. Qualitative9. Quantitative10. Qualitative
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Results
Statistical analysis› Statistically significant= the data showed
an effect that is likely not due to chance.› Nonsignificant= the data shows no effect,
or an effect so small that the results could have happened by chance.
Use data tables and graphs to represent data collected.
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Analysis and Conclusion
Make sense of your experiment in words, submit a journal paper to your peers for review, and if it can be duplicated / repeated with the same results then your research could become published.
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What happens if your hypothesis is wrong?
Try again, revamp your procedure / experiment.
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Theory
Proposed explanation for a wide range of observations and experimental results that is supported by a wide range of evidence. Provides explanations where scientific laws do not.
It can be added to or disproven Ex- Theory of Evolution, Theory of Plate
Tectonics
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Scientific Law A truth that is valid everywhere
in the universe. It does not provide any
explanations like a theory does Ex- the law of conservation of
energy- energy may change form but it can’t be created nor destroyed.
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Graphing and Measurements
X- axis / IV
Y-axis / DV
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We use charts and graphs to:
Analyze the results and to provide visual summaries
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Data Tables Contains the numerical results of an
experiment. Compiled before you make a chart or graph.
Color of M&M in a bag Frequency
Red 5
Green 2
Blue 4
Yellow 1
Brown 5
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Line Graphs Shows a relationship between two
variables.
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Bar Graphs Compares quantitative / qualitative
data.
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Histograms Show the frequency distribution of the
data. The bars touch! Ex- using the numbers make a data
table and histogram in your notes.› 7, 12, 12, 18, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31,
36, 36, 39, 43, 47
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Histogram Data Table
Data Range Frequency0-10 1
11-20 321-30 631-40 441-50 2
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Stem and Leaf Plot
Another way to present a frequency distribution.
Represents actual data point Tens= “stem” Ones= “leaves”
Stem Leaf
0 7
1 2 2 8
2 2 4 6 7 8 9
3 1 6 6 9
4 3 7
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Circle Graph Shows data as proportions of a whole “pie chart”- percentages
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The Metric System- see attached note sheets
IS- International System of Measurements› Used worldwide› Based on the metric system› Common units:
Length- Meters (m) Volume- Liter (L) Mass- Kilograms (kg) Temperature- Kelvin (K)
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Microscopes!!!!!!!!!!
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Light or Compound Microscopes
What we use in the classroom- basic
Several lenses to increase magnification
Uses glass lenses to focus on a specimen.
Can be used on living or preserved specimens
Can magnify objects up to 1500 times their actual size.
Specimens are often stained with chemicals so that we can see them.
stoma
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Dissecting Microscope
Stereoscope Three dimensional image / view of the
specimen Essentially two compound microscopes
that are focused on the same thing. Low magnification so its hard to see
individual cells- used for larger cells.
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Scanning Electron Microscope
Narrow beams of electrons that scan the surface of the specimen
Usually the specimen is covered with a thin layer of metal such as gold that deflects the electrons from passing through the specimen and onto a computer where color is added.
stoma
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Transmission Electron Microscope
Passes beams of electrons through the specimen and projects it onto a computerized screen where color is added.
Produces the best image because it magnifies the object so much.
stoma
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Parts of a Microscope
Nosepiece- holds the objective lenses above the stage and rotates so that all the lenses can be used.
Low Power Objective- magnifies an image 10X
Stage clip- holds the slide in place Stage- supports the object being looked at. Diaphragm- adjusts the amount of light
passing through the slide and into the lens. Light source- lights up the specimen
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Eyepiece- contains a lens that magnifies the object 10X. You look through this to view the specimen.
Body- separates the lens in the eyepiece from the other lens.
Arm- supports the body and this is where you hold it while supporting the base.
Scanning Objective- smallest lens and magnifies 4X
High Power Objective- largest lens and magnifies 40X
Fine Adjustment- dial used to focus in on the object when it’s on high power.
Course Adjustment- used to focus the image when it’s on scanning or low power.
Base- supports the scope.
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Magnification 3 types- scanning, low, and high
Ocular lens Total Magnification
Total Magnification
Total Magnification
Scanning 4x 10x 40x
Low Power
10x 10x 100x
High Power
40x 10x 400x
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The End!!!!!!!Review Next
ClassTest Class After
that!!!!!!!!!!!!