TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP
Instructors Tapan K. Datta, Phd. P.E. Tim Gates, Phd. P.E. Deb McAvoy, Phd.
Introductions
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WORKSHOP DETAILS
Workzone.eng.wayne.edu Evaluation Forms Pre- and Post-Tests
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DISCLAIMER
Opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this presentation are those of contractor(s) and not necessarily those of USDOT or FHWA Materials prepared under contract with FHWA Content is ‘living’ and subject to change
5 URBAN WORK ZONES
OUTLINE
Background Purpose and Objectives Unique characteristics of urban work zones Temporary traffic control strategies Steps for TTC plan development Example plans
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BACKGROUND
Aging infrastructure = More work zones Two work zone traffic control objectives: Maintain safety for ALL ROAD USERS Maintain acceptable levels of mobility
Balancing safety and mobility Careful planning, design, and implementation of work zone traffic control
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THE MUTCD
MUTCD Chapter 6 presents Temporary traffic control (TTC) Typical Applications (TAs)
Common work zone TTC scenarios
Adjust TAs to field conditions
8 URBAN WORK ZONES
URBAN ROADWAY ENVIRONMENTS
Urban roadway environments High density of land access High density of intersections and/or driveways
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URBAN ROADWAY ENVIRONMENTS
Greater traffic demand and presence of non-motorized road users
Presence of public transit stops On-street parking Visual clutter
Traffic signs, billboards
Driver distractions Lower travel speeds
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PURPOSE AND NEED
Characteristics of urban work zones Special consideration required
Strategies to address site-specific concerns
Process for developing an effective TTCP
Example plans for common urban scenarios
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HIGH DENSITY OF HOMES AND BUSINESSES
Access driveways Increased potential for traffic conflicts Pedestrians and other non-motorized traffic must be able to access facilities Land access interfering with
WZ TTC
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HIGHER OR WIDE RANGING TRAFFIC DEMAND
Urban WZ’s often experience high traffic demand Demand varies Peak vs. off-peak
Lane closures may result in queue buildup Field conditions may require adjustment
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LOWER TRAVEL SPEEDS
Travel speeds relatively slow Traffic congestion Limited right-of-way Presence of pedestrian
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HIGH DENSITY OF INTERSECTIONS AND/OR DRIVEWAYS
Land access legal responsibility Interruption of through traffic Increased access-related traffic conflicts Increased intersection-related traffic conflicts Short street blocks
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SPACE LIMITATIONS
Building too close to roadway Capacity issue Limited space for TTC, workers, work vehicles, and equipment Limited space for buffers or work zone shielding
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ON-STREET PARKING, LACK OF A PAVED SHOULDER, OR OTHER ATYPICAL GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS
May involve geometric characteristics not typically observed in other locations On-street parking stalls Curb and gutter design Adjacent sidewalks
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PEDESTRIAN, NON-MOTORIZED AND PUBLIC TRANSIT CONCERNS
Increased presence of pedestrians and/or bicyclists Including associated facilities Often adjacent to the roadway
Bus stops or other forms of public transit Associated pedestrian access
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TRAFFIC CONTROL STRATEGIES
These characteristics may result in impacts to safety and mobility if not adequately addressed TTCPs for urban work zones must: Provide access for all road users
Both motorized and non-motorized
Provide access for adjacent properties
Provide clear, consistent traffic control that accommodates access
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MAINTAINING ACCESS TO HOMES AND BUSINESSES
Impact on access to adjacent land Access driveways Driveway access-related traffic conflicts Driveway closure Alternative access Flagger control TTCPs should allow at least limited
access Construction staging to avoid disruptions Public hearings may help to identify relevant issues URBAN WORK ZONES 22
MAINTAINING ACCESS TO PARKING FACILITIES
Maintain parking access Provide additional space for TTC/storage of work vehicles/equipment TTC should include: Channelizing devices
Similar to a shoulder taper (1/3L)
No parking signs as necessary Shield work area and increase buffer
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MAINTAINING ACCESS TO INTERSECTIONS AND/OR DRIVEWAYS
Minimize movement restrictions at intersections/driveways Consider queuing problem
Minimize restriction to critical movements
Consider the impact on sight distance
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MAINTAINING ACCESS FOR PEDESTRIANS AND OTHER NON-MOTORIZED FACILITIES
Maintain existing accessibility features ADA compliant sidewalks and
crosswalks Devices which assist visual or auditory
impaired road users Channelizing devices with detectable
edges
Encourage safe crossing behavior Encourage intersection crossing and
discourage mid-block crossing Ensure TTC, work vehicles or
equipment do not interfere with sidewalks
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MAINTAINING ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSIT STOPS
Coordinate with transit authorities Access to terminal and/or stops If access can not be maintained: Relocate bus stops
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SPECIAL EVENTS AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
Special events Planned event Unplanned event
Special consideration No uniform guidelines May occur at other long-term
work Requires planning Schedule work to avoid special
events
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USE OF SPECIFIC TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Channelizing devices, Type 3 Barricades Urban WZ space limitations Prevents non-motorized traffic from entering work areas Shielding to project highway workers Removable barricades Drums/cones Vertical panels may be useful alternative in Urban WZ
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USE OF SPECIFIC TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Portable Changeable Message Signs Can convey complex messages Useful in Urban WZ’s where
complex messages may be necessary to navigate WZ
Avoid information overload
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USE OF SPECIFIC TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Arrow Boards Provides additional warning and
directional guidance Such dominant devices may minimize
the need for further signage Consider visual clutter
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USE OF SPECIFIC TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Temporary Traffic Control Signals May be used only when
other means are ineffective Suitable alternative for
specific scenarios Rail-highway grade crossing
or other unique situations
Must be used in conjunction with other devices to alert road users
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LAYOUT OF TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Location TCD as per TA may be difficult to implement due to: Existing traffic control devices Proximity to intersections and/or driveways Sight distance obstructions – fixed objects Information overload
TTC devices must be visible and conspicuous May require relocation of TCDs Increase buffer space
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ENSURE SIGNS ARE CONSPICUOUS AND WELL-MARKED
Urban roadways often involve complex navigational tasks Especially for unfamiliar drivers Further complicated by TTC, workers and equipment
Clear and effective navigational signage is critical Utilize large street signs with block numbering where possible Advance signage should be provided to notify alternative land
access
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MODIFICATION OF EXISTING SIGNAL TIMING
Traffic operations may be impacted by TTC Lane closures or prohibited turning movements
Existing signal timing plans should be analyzed and altered if operations are impacted Cycle lengths, phasing, and splits Pedestrian walk times Work vehicles, equipment and TTC should not obscure signal
heads Signal heads not intended for use should be bagged or covered
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GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS
Maximize turning radii of affected intersections and/or driveways based on available geometry Improves maneuverability Ensure that this does not encourage higher speeds/turning
Minimize the space needed for storage of work vehicles and equipment Maximize the space for road users Adding buffer space
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IMPACT OF WORK SPACE NEAR INTERSECTION
No uniform guidelines can cover all of the potential issues which may occur May involve work area: Before or upstream of an intersection After or downstream of an intersection Within an intersection
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WORK SPACE BEFORE (UPSTREAM) AN INTERSECTION
Consider early closure or adjustment to longitudinal buffer space Channelizes traffic in advance of the work area
Consider separating the traffic stream (through movements vs. turning movements) upstream of the closure Reduces downstream traffic conflicts and queuing
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WORK SPACE WITHIN AN INTERSECTION
Use warning devices to warn motorists in all directions Use “Road Work Ahead” signs
Use of flaggers when TTC require alteration of normal operations Provide closures as early as reasonable Early closures may be impractical due to traffic demand
Ensure work space is well defined and shielded
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WORK SPACE AFTER (DOWNSTREAM) AN INTERSECTION
Consider an early closure or an increase in longitudinal buffer space Channelizes traffic well in advance of the work area Consider traffic demand which may make such closures
impractical Right-turning movements may require exclusive lane
Ensure work areas are well defined and shielded for highway workers
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ROLE OF HIGHWAY WORKERS AND FLAGGERS
Ensure devices are properly implemented, clean and conspicuous during operations Remove or cover devices not intended to be in use Use of flaggers a critical concern in Urban WZ’s Use as suggested in typical applications Consider conspicuity of TCD Consider staging of TCD of work
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DEVELOPMENT OF TTCP
1. Collect necessary characteristics about the site and work scenario
2. Determine appropriate TA for scenario 3. Modify TA based on unique
characteristics of urban work zones 4. Develop appropriate TTCP 5. Review and modify TTC in the field as
necessary
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STEP 1: OBTAIN SITE AND WORK CHARACTERISTICS
Site Characteristics Geometric characteristics (lane width, number of lanes, etc.) Existing traffic control (location of devices, posted speed limit, etc.) Traffic characteristics (both motorized and non-motorized) Environmental or other surrounding characteristics
Work Characteristics Proposed work activity Proposed work duration (including upper and lower bounds) Necessary workers, vehicles, and equipment Additional special considerations
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TTCP DEVELOPMENT CHECKLIST
Work characteristics Traffic characteristics Geometrics and work location Checklist Handouts http://workzone.eng.wayne.edu/Software/CheckList/CheckList.html
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STEP 2: DETERMINE APPROPRIATE TYPICAL APPLICATION (TA)
Select appropriate ‘Typical Application’ from the MUTCD, Consider state MUTCDs, standard plans, as well as local
regulations TA or “Example Plan” from the TTCP Selection Software
Selecting a TA or Example Plan is NOT the last step Modify to fit actual field conditions, as well as specific
characteristics of the work
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STEP 3: MODIFYING TA FOR SITE AND WORK CHARACTERISTICS
Consider supplementary notes provided by the MUTCD or state/local guidance “Example Plans” in TTCP Selection Software
Determine how the field conditions vary from the scenario depicted in the TA or example plan Consider the unique characteristics of urban work zones Use professional judgment
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STEP 4: DEVELOP TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN
Temporary traffic control plans may include: Detailed schematic of TTC Instructions for field personnel Project coordination strategies
Urban WZ’s may be a “significant project” and require additional TMP components
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SIGNIFICANT PROJECTS
Due to the Rule on Work Zone Safety and Mobility, operations which are deemed “significant projects” require: Temporary Traffic Control Plan Public Information Strategies Transportation Operations Strategies
Significant projects defined as:
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Section 630.1010 of the Rule defines a significant project as one that, alone or in combination with other concurrent projects nearby, is anticipated to cause sustained work zone impacts that are greater than what is considered tolerable based on State policy and/or engineering judgment. All Interstate system projects within the boundaries of a designated Transportation Management Area (TMA) that occupy a location for more than three days with either intermittent or continuous lane closures shall be considered as significant projects.
STEP 5: MODIFY BASED ON FIELD CONDITIONS
Fixed objects Existing signs Sight distance issue Work vehicle storage Pedestrian Access
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URBAN WORK ZONE STRATEGIES
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WORK SITE CHARACTERISTICS
CHALLENGES THAT REQUIRE FIELD ADJUSTMENT POSSIBLE MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Work on traveled way
• Driveway access • Turning movement at
intersection • Lane closure interfere with land
access
• Use flagger • Turning movement prohibition • Use of alternate access where feasible • Use of self-regulating TCDs for low volume roads • Advance warning for lane closure, turn prohibition
Work interferes with crosswalk/sidewalk
• Pedestrian facility continuity • Sidewalk detour • ADA compliant • Portable barrier
• Pedestrian crossing interruption • Pedestrian detour signs • ADA compliant • Use flagger
Work on traveled way requiring lane closure
• Traffic congestion and unacceptable level of service (LOS)
• Consider advance warning • Peak hour reopening to traffic • Plan for off-peak work • Consider staged operation • Night work
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WORK SITE CHARACTERISTICS
CHALLENGES THAT REQUIRE FIELD ADJUSTMENT
POSSIBLE MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Presence of grade/ horizontal curve
• Sight distance problem due to grade
• Move lane closure taper to top of vertical curve
• Use arrow board • Extend work zone
• Sight distance problem at horizontal curve
• Provide lane closure taper and arrow board at the tangent section
Lane closure
• Sight distance problem due to roadside fixed objects
• Move taper forward (upstream) • Increase longitudinal buffer
• Visual clutter due to existing signs and billboards
• Use portable changeable message signs • Traffic control devices (signs) with orange flags • Extend work zone to avoid visual clutter
Work space adjacent to sidewalk
• Separating pedestrian traffic from work space
• Pedestrian detour • Portable barriers • Pedestrian route guidance signs
LANE SHIFT WITH PARKING LANE
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Closed utilizing a taper length of 1/3L Provide Type 3 Barricades or other channelizing devices to divert traffic to and from parking lanes Prohibition and availability of parking should be well marked at both ends Shield work area from errant vehicles Provide longitudinal buffer
EARLY CLOSURE OF RIGHT LANE WITH MULTIPLE DRIVEWAYS
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Early closure helps traffic to early merge Alleviates access-related concerns Right turning traffic
Use Type 3 Barricades as shown Optional arrow board shown on this plan improve WZ recognition
CLOSURE OF LEFT TWO LANES IN URBAN WORK ZONE
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Lane closure creates driveway access problem Use Type 3 Barricades with arrow boards (optional). Prohibit turns as necessary Access to adjacent land Left turn out of driveways.
Check left turn queue build-up
WORK ON FAR RIGHT LANE NEARBY INTERSECTION WITH EARLY CLOSURE
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Early closure of the right lane is desirable High right turn volumes at the
intersection may require an alternate solution
Provide “Road Work Ahead” signage on all four approaches. “No Turn on Red” sign on right side approach is desirable Prohibited left turn at the affected driveway Sight distance issue
SIDEWALK CLOSURE INVOLVING MINOR STREET IN URBAN AREA
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WZ may require closing or relocating pedestrian facilities Accessibility features must be maintained Use barriers to shield pedestrians While only the TTC for pedestrians are shown in this example, additional devices will be required for vehicular traffic
PEDESTRIAN FACILITY REROUTED INTO TRAVELED LANES
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WZ may require rerouting of pedestrian facilities Consider rerouting these facilities into the traveled way Mobility impact on the
existing traffic system must be considered
Shielding the pedestrian facility from the traffic key consideration
LANE CLOSURE WITH BICYCLE LANE
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Bicycle lanes must be considered when developing TTCP Rightmost lane is utilized as an exclusive right turn lane with the closure on the far side of the intersection Use “Share the Road” bicycle signage located upstream of the closure
SHOULDER CLOSURE ON URBAN LOCATION TO ACCOMMODATE BICYCLISTS
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WZ may interrupt bicycle facilities at mid-block locations Ensure adequate lane width for bicyclists and motorists to drive side by side, otherwise: California MUTCD recommends “Bicyclists May Use Full Lane” sign
Crash cushion, barrier and lights appropriate for long-term work zone scenarios Place advance warning signs so path of travel for bicyclists open and conspicuous
OTHER RESOURCES
Further information on highway work zone safety can be found through the following organizations: American Road and Transportation Builders Association: http://www.artba.org/ American Traffic Safety Services Association: http://www.atssa.com/ Federal Highway Administration: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ Institute of Transportation Engineers: http://www.ite.org/ Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices: http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/ National Highway Institute: http://www.nhi.fhwa.dot.gov/home.aspx National Work Zone Safety Information Clearinghouse:
http://www.workzonesafety.org/ Occupational Safety and Health Administration: http://www.osha.gov/ Texas Transportation Institute: http://tti.tamu.edu Transportation Research Board: http://www.trb.org/ Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices: http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/
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DISCLAIMER
Opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this presentation are those of contractor(s) and not necessarily those of U.S.D.O.T. or F.H.W.A. Prepared in cooperation with U.S.D.O.T.
and F.H.W.A Utility work zone guideline is a ‘Living Document’ and may be modified and updated as needed
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WHO IS IT FOR?
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Safety Professionals State and Local Road Agencies Permit Granting Agencies Consultants Contractors Utility Workers
AGENDA
Introduction Underlying Principles of Utility Work Zone Traffic Control Utility Work Zone Traffic Control Break Suggested Traffic Control Plans & Pedestrian Issues
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UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES OF UTILITY WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL
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Utility Work Zone Guidelines
Significant variability in the knowledge, skills, and abilities of the utility workforce
Variability is associated with a level of risk for workers and motorists
UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES OF UTILITY WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL
Guideline document provides uniform treatment of temporary traffic control plans for numerous applications
Guidance is provided to aid the utility workforce in recognizing the level of risk and methods of mitigating risks
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WHAT TYPE OF UTILITY WORK IS INCLUDED?
Electrical, Gas, Telephone, Cable Traffic Signals Water Sewer Maintenance and Cleaning Landscaping Others
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN UTILITY WORK ZONES AND NORMAL WORK ZONES
Shorter duration May require more time to set-up and remove traffic control than to complete work Often unplanned or unscheduled Often outside of travel way Smaller work area Smaller work crew Same work crew attends multiple work sites
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WHAT IS NOT INCLUDED?
Nighttime utility work
Utility work conducted on freeways
Long term stationary
Utility work as a part of long term highway project
These are high risk scenarios
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MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE
Recognition of safety and mobility in work zones Providing appropriate tools Making training readily available Emphasizing uniformity Encouraging safety culture
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MUTCD WORK ZONE DURATION DEFINITIONS
Long-term stationary is work that occupies a location more than 3 days
Intermediate-term stationary is work that occupies a location more than one daylight period up to 3 days, or nighttime work
lasting more than 1 hour
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MUTCD WORK ZONE DURATION DEFINITIONS
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Short-term stationary is daytime work that occupies a location for more than 1 hour within a single daylight period
Short-duration is work that occupies a location up to 1 hour
Mobile is work that moves intermittently or continuously
SHORT DURATION WORK
“Simplified control procedures may be warranted for short-duration work. A reduction in the number of devices may be offset by the use of other more dominant devices such as high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights on work vehicles.”
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Source: MUTCD Section 6G.02
SHORT DURATION WORK
“Appropriately colored or marked vehicles with high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights may be used in place of signs and channelizing devices for short-duration or mobile operations.”
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Source: MUTCD Section 6G.02
SHORT TERM AND SHORT DURATION NEED
Standardized plans Workers realize need for traffic control Different traffic control devices than long and intermediate term work Fewer devices Portable devices
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PASSING MOTORIST NEED
Early recognition Clear recognition of potential hazard Positive guidance Driver expectancy maintained through the work zone
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PURPOSE OF UTILITY WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL
Safe and efficient travel of all road users Worker protection
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WORK ZONE CRASH FATALITIES
609 work zone fatalities in 2012 (one every 14 hours) Approximately half occur during daytime hours Twice as high during the week than weekend Mostly occur during the summertime Over half involve single motor vehicles Utility work zone fatalities are 14 per year 10% underreporting of work zone fatalities (Ullman & Scriba)
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UTILITY WORK ZONE CRASH RISK FACTORS
Traffic volume on the roadway
Travel speed
Lateral distance from travel lanes
Work duration – time to complete the work
Sight distance and work area visibility
Others
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PREVENTION OF WORK ZONE CRASHES
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“Analyze the work site including traffic patterns and plan the work zone before you begin working”
“Position work vehicles to create an obstacle to prevent oncoming traffic from hitting you”
Source: NIOSH FACE Program, 2007
PREVENTION OF WORK ZONE CRASHES
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“Minimize exposure to moving traffic”
“Drivers should not engage in activities that distract them from
driving or hinder driving performance”
Source: NIOSH FACE Program, 2007
EARLY RECOGNITION OF UTILITY WORK ZONE BY MOTORISTS
Evasive action taken to avoid a traffic crash if motorist recognizes work zone
Temporary traffic control provides information about potential hazard
Information is provided through signs, cones, drums, barriers, etc.
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EARLY RECOGNITION OF UTILITY WORK ZONE BY MOTORISTS
Uniformity of treatment Making utility work zones conspicuous to the passing motorist - orange color Treatments must consider driver expectancy
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DRIVER EXPECTANCY
“Driver expectancy relates to the readiness of the driver to respond to events, situations, or the presentation of information.”
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Source: A Users’ Guide to Positive Guidance - FHWA
DRIVER EXPECTANCY
Gained through experience and training
Guided by traffic control devices
Drivers respond quickly and correctly
Information must be clear
Consistency decreases reaction time
Uniformity simplifies driving tasks
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DRIVER EXPECTANCY VIOLATED
Occurs when uncommon/unique situations arise
Drivers require longer response times
Greater chance of error
Work zones naturally violate drivers’ expectancy
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POSITIVE GUIDANCE
“Positive guidance information increases the driver’s probability of selecting the speed and path most appropriate to the operating conditions of the highway”
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Source: A Users’ Guide to Positive Guidance - FHWA
“Positive Guidance is based on the premise that competent drivers can be given appropriate information about hazards and inefficiencies to avoid errors.”
BASIC DRIVING TASK
Control – driver’s interaction with vehicle Guidance – driver’s ability to maintain safe path on highway Navigation – driver’s ability to plan and execute trip from point of origin to destination
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Source: Alexander, G.J., “Some Factors Affecting Reception and Use of Information by Drivers”, Public Road, Vol. 37, No. 1
PROCESS OF INFORMATION HANDLING
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Source: Federal Highway Administration, A Users’ Guide to Positive Guidance
WHAT IS A “SAFETY CULTURE”?
“The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, an organization’s health and safety management.”
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Source: HSC, 2003
CRASH CAUSAL FACTORS
Work zone crashes have several potential causes Driver, Environment, Vehicle Organizational, Worker
Understanding of causes that leads to prevention Establishment of policies and procedures Crashes are not a result of any one factor Failure of individuals to perform duties Breakdown in safety-related policies and procedures Managerial failure
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WHAT CONSTITUTES A GOOD UTILITY WORK ZONE SAFETY CULTURE?
Commitment to safety by management
Commitment to safety by workers
Realistic rules and regulations
Continuous worker training
Monitoring of performance
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UTILITY WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL GUIDELINES
Developed and revised for FHWA Include suggested traffic control plans Temporary traffic control devices Meant for electrical, gas, telephone, cable, water, sewer, street lights, traffic signals, landscaping, others Not meant for nighttime or freeway work
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NEED FOR UTILITY WORK ZONE GUIDELINES
Shorter in duration Different traffic control needed Change in travel environment for drivers Improve mobility Reduce utility work zone crashes
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PERCEPTION REACTION TIME OF DRIVERS
Perception: recognition or realization that cue or stimulus exists that requires response
Intellection: Identification of cue or stimulus
Emotion: determination of appropriate response to cue or stimulus
Volition: physical response that results from decision
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UNIFORMITY
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Treatment of similar work site with same traffic control Traffic control devices Color Strobe or oscillating lights Arrow panels
CONSPICUITY
Increased through proper traffic control devices
Using color of work zones – ORANGE
Work zones that stand out from other surroundings to passing motorists
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BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Fulfill a need Command attention Convey a clear, simple message Command respect from road users Give adequate time for proper response
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Source: MUTCD Section 1A.02
TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNS
Message, layout, and configuration per MUTCD Construction fluorescent orange color with microprismatic retro-reflective characteristics 2 orange supplemental flags may be mounted Size = 36” x 36” Crashworthy
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Source: MUTCD Figure 6F-2
TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNS
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Source: MUTCD Figure 6F-2
Portable temporary traffic control signs
Shall be mounted at least 1 foot above the traveled way
Reduces traffic control setup and removal time
Decreases worker exposure to risk especially for utility work zones
ARROW PANELS
Support panel 48” H x 96” W Minimum of 15 lamps Front panel with flat, non-reflective black background Mounted at minimum of 7’ from roadway to bottom of panel Flash Rate: 25-40 flashes per minute
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CHANNELIZING DEVICES
Provides guidance/delineation to motorists
Need to be easily installed and removed
Must be orange and contain retro-reflective bands
Made of a material that will not damage a vehicle if impacted
36” or taller cones or tubular markers are more desirable
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Source: MUTCD Figure 6F-7
CONES & BARRICADES
Use orange taller cones with retro-reflective bands
Provides increased visibility
Transported easily
Quick installation and removal on-site
Barricades
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WARNING LIGHTS ON WORK VEHICLES
Attract the attention of road users Potentially hazardous situation Sufficient time for taking appropriate action Warning light standardization desirable Promote driver understanding Recognition of lights on work vehicles
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WARNING LIGHTS ON WORK VEHICLES
Warning lights should be visible to drivers from all angles (360 degrees)
Larger vehicles should be equipped with a minimum of three warning lights
Warning lights should be amber in color
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RETRO-REFLECTIVE MARKINGS ON WORK VEHICLES
Visibility increased by the use of retro-reflective markings and appropriate vehicle colors
Retro-reflective vehicle markings should supplement warning light systems
Retro-reflective material should be affixed to the back of utility
work vehicles
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WORK VEHICLE COLOR ORANGE
Visibility of work vehicle very important
Orange vehicle is visual cue of approaching work zone
Consistency in colors improves safety
Increases driver awareness and recognition of work zone
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WORK VEHICLE COLOR ORANGE
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Desirable Vehicle Colors
Undesirable Vehicle Colors
WORK VEHICLE PLACEMENT
• Place upstream to warn vehicles of an upcoming work zone and shield workers from traffic
• Place equipment trailers downstream of work area to avoid being hit by traffic
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AERIAL LIFT SAFETY
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Vehicle-mounted, boom-supported aerial platforms Cherry pickers, bucket trucks, etc.
26 worker fatalities per year due to the user of aerial lifts* More than half due to bucket trucks
Positioning of any vehicle on the highway pavement or shoulder requires proper traffic control compliant to the MUTCD
*Center to Protect Workers Rights - 2004
AERIAL LIFT SAFETY
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States may have their own policy or guidelines
Temporary traffic control will be dependent on the work duration Chapter 6 of MUTCD No one standard traffic control plan Should be prepared by trained professional
AERIAL LIFT SAFETY
For aerial lift truck use at mid-block locations: The use of truck-mounted attenuators on the
lift truck or additional work vehicles can help to decrease the impact forces of errant vehicles
Additional closures of the traveled way should be considered if the bucket must be extended over the roadway NEVER EXTEND A BUCKET OVER A LIVE
TRAFFIC STREAM
Consider the use of flaggers if additional closures are impractical to implement
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AERIAL LIFT SAFETY
For aerial lift truck use in the vicinity of a highway intersection: Mount signs on portable
stands All approaches Again, NEVER EXTEND
A BUCKET OVER AN ACTIVE TRAFFIC STREAM
121
AERIAL LIFT SAFETY
For aerial lift truck use within an intersection: Lift trucks should be
equipped with retro-reflective markings and high-level warning devices
10 foot minimum clearance required to maintain each approach
“Narrow Lane Ahead” signs warn motorists of the reduced downstream lane widths
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SET-UP AND REMOVAL OF DEVICES
Spend least amount of time necessary to set-up and remove devices safely and correctly Perform work as expeditiously as possible to reduce exposure Decreasing exposure time increases safety Use devices that are easily transported
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SET-UP OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
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Identify traffic control plan ahead of time
Plan and discuss traffic control off roadway
Park work vehicles and equipment to maximize safety
Place traffic control devices as per selected plan starting at beginning of work zone
REMOVAL OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Start at end of work zone
Remove temporary traffic control devices at the end of the workday
Only leave in place what is needed
Know where everything goes in work vehicle so no time is wasted
UTIL ITY WORK ZONES 125
WORKER SAFETY APPAREL
MUTCD Section 6D.03 requires “American National Standard For High-Visibility Safety Apparel and Headwear”
ANSI (American National Standards Institute) / ISEA (International Safety Equipment Association) 107-2004
Class 2 and 3 garments based on worker activities
UTIL ITY WORK ZONES 126
FLAGGER (TRAFFIC REGULATOR) TRAINING
For flagger (traffic regulator) training information refer to The National Work Zone Safety Clearinghouse at http://www.workzonesafety.org/training/
UTIL ITY WORK ZONES 127
UTILITY WORK ZONE TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL COMPONENTS
UTIL ITY WORK ZONES 129
SHOULDER
SHOULDER
LongitudinalBuffer Space
Lateral Buffer Space
Advanced Warning AreaTransition AreaWork Space
Longitudinal Buffer Space
Downstream Taper
Termination Area Activity Area
Direction of Traffic
Flagger
Flagger
Traffic Space
SHOULDER
SHOULDER
LongitudinalBuffer Space
Lateral Buffer Space
Advanced Warning AreaTransition AreaWork Space
Longitudinal Buffer Space
Downstream Taper
Termination Area Activity Area
Direction of Traffic
Flagger
Flagger
Traffic Space
TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL COMPONENTS
Activity Area – work space, traffic space, and buffer space.
Advanced Warning Area – used to provide warning to motorists of an upcoming utility activity.
UTIL ITY WORK ZONES 130
SHOULDER
SHOULDER
LongitudinalBuffer Space
Lateral Buffer Space
Advanced Warning AreaTransition AreaWork Space
Longitudinal Buffer Space
Downstream Taper
Termination Area Activity Area
Direction of Traffic
Flagger
Flagger
Traffic Space
SHOULDER
SHOULDER
LongitudinalBuffer Space
Lateral Buffer Space
Advanced Warning AreaTransition AreaWork Space
Longitudinal Buffer Space
Downstream Taper
Termination Area Activity Area
Direction of Traffic
Flagger
Flagger
Traffic Space
INSUFFICIENT ADVANCE WARNING
UTIL ITY WORK ZONES 131
No advance warning signs
Missing advance warning signs telling which lane is closed
DISTANCE BETWEEN TRAFFIC SIGNS
UTIL ITY WORK ZONES 133
150 m (500 ft)Rural
100 m (350 ft)Urban>50 km/h (30 mph)
30 m (100 ft)Urban≤ 50 km/h (30 mph)
A (Distance Between Signs)Road Type
150 m (500 ft)Rural
100 m (350 ft)Urban>50 km/h (30 mph)
30 m (100 ft)Urban≤ 50 km/h (30 mph)
A (Distance Between Signs)Road Type
Note: 30 mph used to differentiate between high and low speeds due to
risks involved
TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL COMPONENTS
Tapers – gradual transition to direct traffic from normal paths to designated path, must be free of workers, vehicles, equipment, etc.
UTIL ITY WORK ZONES 134
SHOULDER
SHOULDER
LongitudinalBuffer Space
Lateral Buffer Space
Advanced Warning AreaTransition AreaWork Space
Longitudinal Buffer Space
Downstream Taper
Termination Area Activity Area
Direction of Traffic
Flagger
Flagger
Traffic Space
SHOULDER
SHOULDER
LongitudinalBuffer Space
Lateral Buffer Space
Advanced Warning AreaTransition AreaWork Space
Longitudinal Buffer Space
Downstream Taper
Termination Area Activity Area
Direction of Traffic
Flagger
Flagger
Traffic Space
TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL COMPONENTS
Buffer Space (Optional) – lateral and/or longitudinal area that separates traffic from work space, must be free of workers, vehicles, equipment, etc.
UTIL ITY WORK ZONES 137
SHOULDER
SHOULDER
LongitudinalBuffer Space
Lateral Buffer Space
Advanced Warning AreaTransition AreaWork Space
Longitudinal Buffer Space
Downstream Taper
Termination Area Activity Area
Direction of Traffic
Flagger
Flagger
Traffic Space
SHOULDER
SHOULDER
LongitudinalBuffer Space
Lateral Buffer Space
Advanced Warning AreaTransition AreaWork Space
Longitudinal Buffer Space
Downstream Taper
Termination Area Activity Area
Direction of Traffic
Flagger
Flagger
Traffic Space
WHY USE BUFFER SPACE?
Easy to accommodate into plan
Inexpensive
Improves worker safety
Provides additional space between work zone and motorists
UTIL ITY WORK ZONES 138
TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL COMPONENTS
Termination Area – area used to return to normal path
Traffic Space – portion of highway in which road users are routed through the activity area
UTIL ITY WORK ZONES 139
SHOULDER
SHOULDER
LongitudinalBuffer Space
Lateral Buffer Space
Advanced Warning AreaTransition AreaWork Space
Longitudinal Buffer Space
Downstream Taper
Termination Area Activity Area
Direction of Traffic
Flagger
Flagger
Traffic Space
SHOULDER
SHOULDER
LongitudinalBuffer Space
Lateral Buffer Space
Advanced Warning AreaTransition AreaWork Space
Longitudinal Buffer Space
Downstream Taper
Termination Area Activity Area
Direction of Traffic
Flagger
Flagger
Traffic Space
TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL COMPONENTS
Transition Area – area utilized to move motorists
from their normal path
Work Space – portion closed to road users; occupied by utility workers, equipment and vehicles.
UTIL ITY WORK ZONES 140
SHOULDER
SHOULDER
LongitudinalBuffer Space
Lateral Buffer Space
Advanced Warning AreaTransition AreaWork Space
Longitudinal Buffer Space
Downstream Taper
Termination Area Activity Area
Direction of Traffic
Flagger
Flagger
Traffic Space
SHOULDER
SHOULDER
LongitudinalBuffer Space
Lateral Buffer Space
Advanced Warning AreaTransition AreaWork Space
Longitudinal Buffer Space
Downstream Taper
Termination Area Activity Area
Direction of Traffic
Flagger
Flagger
Traffic Space
SHOULDER
SHOULDER
LongitudinalBuffer Space
Lateral Buffer Space
Advanced Warning AreaTransition AreaWork Space
Longitudinal Buffer Space
Downstream Taper
Termination Area Activity Area
Direction of Traffic
Flagger
Flagger
Traffic Space
SHOULDER
SHOULDER
LongitudinalBuffer Space
Lateral Buffer Space
Advanced Warning AreaTransition AreaWork Space
Longitudinal Buffer Space
Downstream Taper
Termination Area Activity Area
Direction of Traffic
Flagger
Flagger
Traffic Space
UTILITY WORK ON SHOULDER WITH MINOR ENCROACHMENT (HIGH TRAFFIC VOLUMES AND HIGH SPEED)
Note: 10’ Minimum Required
CONSIDERING PEDESTRIANS
UTIL ITY WORK ZONES 148
“When existing pedestrian facilities are disrupted, closed, or relocated in a TTC zone,
the temporary facilities shall be detectable and include accessibility features
consistent with the features present in the existing pedestrian facility.”
- 2009 MUTCD
PEDESTRIAN ISSUES
Must identify pedestrian needs
Pedestrian paths must be maintained
Should not be forced to enter into work zone
Should not be forced to enter into roadway
High pedestrian areas may require additional consideration
UTIL ITY WORK ZONES 149
PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC CONTROL PLANS
Pedestrian Detour for Sidewalk Closure Pedestrian Diversion for Sidewalk Closure Must be ADA Compliant Barrier or barricade detectable by
a person with a visual disability is sufficient
UTIL ITY WORK ZONES 151
TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN SELECTION
Location of utility work Traffic volume of adjacent road Travel speed of vehicles on adjacent road Location of lane closure Roadway type
UTIL ITY WORK ZONES 155
LOCATION OF UTILITY WORK
Beyond the shoulder - > 4.6 m (15 ft) from edge of roadway OR > 0.6 m (2 ft) beyond curb On the shoulder On the roadway
Utility Work on Shoulder
Utility Work Beyond Shoulder
Utility Work on Roadway
VOLUME AND SPEED OF ADJACENT ROAD
Traffic volume of adjacent road – low volume or high volume
Travel speed of vehicles on adjacent road – low speed ≤ 50 km/hr (30 mph) or high speed >50 km/hr (30 mph)
UTIL ITY WORK ZONES 157
LOCATION OF LANE CLOSURE
Mid-Block
Intersection – right lane on near side, left lane on near side, right lane on far side, left lane on far side, center of intersection
UTIL ITY WORK ZONES 158
ROADWAY TYPE
Rural vs. Urban Two-Lane vs. Multi-Lane
UTIL ITY WORK ZONES 159
Lane Closure on Rural Two-Lane Road
(Poor layout of traffic control) Lane Closure on
Urban Multi-Lane Road
DISCLAIMER
Opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this presentation are those of contractor(s) and not necessarily those of USDOT or FHWA Was prepared in cooperation with USDOT
and FHWA The Temporary Traffic Control Plan Selection Software is a ‘Living Document’ and may be modified and updated as needed
161 TTCP SOFTWARE
PURPOSE
162
Training Program for Temporary Traffic Control Plan Selection Software Applicable for: Safety Professionals Highway Workers State and Local Road Agencies Permit Granting Agencies
TTCP SOFTWARE
INTRODUCTION
SAFETEA-LU (2005) FHWA Work Zone Safety Grant Program
2006 Work Zone Safety Grant WSU - Utility Work Zone TTCP Software Tool
2011 Work Zone Safety Grant WSU - Development of Comprehensive Tool
TTCP SOFTWARE 163
FEDERAL MUTCD AND PART 6
Part 6 of the MUTCD Temporary Traffic Control
Guidance, Standards, Devices, etc. 2009 MUTCD Includes 46 ‘Typical Applications’
TTCP SOFTWARE 164
46 MUTCD TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
Cover a “variety of situations commonly encountered” Not every possible situation can be addressed Some scenarios require combining components of two or more typical applications For example:
Closure at the Side of an Intersection (TA-27) WITH
Sidewalk Detour or Diversion (TA-28)
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EXAMPLE – TYPICAL APPLICATION 28
Typical applications include: Necessary Temporary Traffic
Control Devices Signs Channelizing Devices Optional Devices
Dimensions for TTC Layout Placement of Advance Warning
Devices Taper Lengths Spacing Between Channelizing
Devices
Special Notes 166
STATE AND LOCAL STANDARDS
2009 National MUTCD minimum national standard for all facets of temporary traffic control States must either:
Adopt National MUTCD Adopt National MUTCD with State Supplements Adopt State MUTCD in “substantial conformance” with
2009 National edition
National MUTCD is the minimum standard State-level MUTCD or supplement may be more
rigorous
TTCP SOFTWARE 168
GAPS IN TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
TTCP SOFTWARE 170
Only 46 ‘Typical Applications’ DO NOT cover all of the frequently encountered
work zone scenarios
Can be incorrectly implemented “As Is” TA’s must be tailored to the specific work zone
scenario encountered Rarely verbatim the same as generalized scenario shown in
TA
“EXAMPLE” PLANS
WSU-TRG developed 72 “Example” Plans Supplement the existing 46 TAs Cover many additional work zone scenarios that are
frequently encountered Based on state of the art and practice in highway
work zones Best practices in individual states
Up to date research literature
Reviewed by the FHWA, national focus group, and experienced professional work zone consultant
TTCP SOFTWARE 171
TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL SELECTION SOFTWARE
Combination of: 46 ‘Typical Applications’ from 2009 MUTCD 72 additional “example” plans State-specific standard drawings
Separated into EIGHT distinct modules Users navigate flow chart logic to arrive at appropriate plan Additional drop down menus for site-specific
information
TTCP SOFTWARE 172
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
Web-based software tool compatible with: Personal computers (Windows, and Apple OS) Tablets and mobile devices (iOS, Android, Windows Mobile)
Compatible browsers include: Mozilla Firefox Google Chrome Microsoft Internet Explorer Apple Safari
TTCP SOFTWARE 173
STATE-SPECIFIC WORK ZONE MODULE
Comprehensive list of the plans available for each state Should always be checked first for appropriate state-level plans
Standard plans are updated periodically by WSU-TRG
STATE-SPECIFIC EXAMPLE
Returns User to Work Zone Safety Homepage
Most Recent Update of State Plans
Link to the Individual State’s Standard Plans Page
Clicking any one of the links will direct the user
to a PDF of that plan
STATE-SPECIFIC EXAMPLE
Remember to always check for state-specific versions of the work
zone scenario!
ADDITIONAL STATE EXAMPLES
TTCP SOFTWARE 180
Clicking any one of the links will direct the user
to a PDF of that plan
ADDITIONAL STATE EXAMPLES
TTCP SOFTWARE 181
Remember to always check for state-specific versions of the work
zone scenario!
ADDITIONAL STATE EXAMPLES
Selecting “intersection” will provide the plans related to intersections in Florida
TTCP SOFTWARE 183
Clicking any one of the links will direct the user
to a PDF of that plan
ADDITIONAL STATE EXAMPLES
TTCP SOFTWARE 184
Remember to always check for state-specific versions of the work
zone scenario!
ADDITIONAL STATE EXAMPLES
Selecting “other” will provide the plans which are not specifically categorized from Florida
TTCP SOFTWARE 186
Clicking any one of the links will direct the user
to a PDF of that plan
ADDITIONAL STATE EXAMPLES
Some items in the state-specific module may include summary tables or notes Some plans or items may involve multiple page PDFs In general, each state’s list will contain all of the standard plans, typical applications and notes from that state TTCP SOFTWARE 187
UTILITY WORK ZONE MODULE
“Example” plans originally developed as a part of 2006 FHWA Work Zone Safety Grant Similar to “Typical Application’ counterpart in the MUTCD Temporary traffic control devices
geared towards utility work zones Short or intermediate term
operations Still compliant to National MUTCD
TTCP SOFTWARE 188
UTILITY WORK ZONE MODULE
Advance through flow chart logic to appropriate TTCP Users will be re-directed to the appropriate module as necessary
TTCP SOFTWARE 189
Clicking an object in the flow chart will skip to
that portion of the logic
UTILITY WORK ZONE MODULE
Once an object is clicked on any flowchart, the user will be prompted with questions about the roadway and work site in question
TTCP SOFTWARE 190
QUICK EXAMPLE
Suppose a TTCP is required for the following utility work zone: Utility work on shoulder of a two lane roadway Work does not encroach onto roadway Urban roadway with 45 MPH posted speed limit Moderate traffic volumes 11’ wide travel lanes with 3’ paved shoulders
TTCP SOFTWARE 191
PROGRESSING THROUGH THE FLOW CHART
Begin at the Main Module of the TTCP Software Since this is a Utility Work Zone, the Utility Work Zone Module should be selected
TTCP SOFTWARE 192
PROGRESSING THROUGH THE FLOWCHART
This will lead to the Utility Work Zone Module where all plans relevant to utility work zones will be found
The user may either answer every question in the logic or skip ahead by clicking the appropriate question object
TTCP SOFTWARE 193
QUESTION OBJECTS
The first relevant question for this example involves the location of the utility work
194
Given that we know the work in question is taking place on the shoulder only, selecting
“On Shoulder” is appropriate
SUB-MODULES
In addition to the eight modules of the software, there are many ‘sub-modules’ for specific roadway scenarios Utility Work Zone “On
Shoulder” Sub-Module Introduce a new flowchart specific
to that roadway scenario
Given that we know the work is taking place on a two-lane roadway and does not
have low volumes and low speed, Figure D3 is the most appropriate TTCP
DYNAMIC QUESTIONS
Additional information about the work being performed or roadway conditions may be necessary after the appropriate plan is selected This information can be entered via the drop down menus
TTCP SOFTWARE 196
DISPLAY OF TTCP
A table will be shown which displays the
appropriate dimensions for the layout of TTCDs
Buttons are included at the top which allow the user to: • Return to Work Zone
Safety Homepage, the Main Module, or the previous module
• A display of the legend/symbols
• Printing and zoom functions
The appropriate plan will be displayed on screen, including all required devices
INTERSECTION MODULE
Includes ‘typical applications’ and “example” plans appropriate for use in the vicinity of highway intersections Incorporates the Roundabout Work Zone sub-module, including “example” plans developed specifically for roundabouts Not covered in the 46 TAs
TTCP SOFTWARE 198
INTERSECTION EXAMPLE
Suppose a TTCP is required for a signalized intersection: Two approach lanes in the direction where the work is
occurring Work on the far side of the intersection in the left
lane Urban area with 40 MPH posted speed limit No shoulder with 11 foot wide travel lanes Work will interfere with the crosswalk
TTCP SOFTWARE 199
INTERSECTION EXAMPLE
Following through the flow chart logic within the Intersection Module, the user will be directed to dynamic questions page for TA 6H-23 Enter the additional work and site characteristics to determine the appropriate plan
TTCP SOFTWARE 200
INTERSECTION EXAMPLE
201
A button is included which will display the typical
application for pedestrian detours since crosswalks are
affected
ROUNDABOUT EXAMPLE
The Roundabout Module can be found within the intersection module Suppose a TTCP is required for a single-lane roundabout with the following characteristics: Urban roadway with 40 MPH posted
speed limit 11 feet wide travel lanes with no
shoulders 7 foot closure within the circulating
lane
TTCP SOFTWARE 202
ROUNDABOUT EXAMPLE
A button is included which will display the typical
application for roundabout detour due to the closure
MOBILE WORK ZONE MODULE
Includes ‘typical applications’ and “example” plans specific to mobile work zone operations Generalized plan for mobile striping operations not included in the MUTCD Expansion of TA 6H-35 for two and three lane scenarios
TTCP SOFTWARE 204
WORK ZONE DETOUR MODULE
Includes the ‘typical applications’ for detours required for various types of highway work zone scenarios Specific plans are included for roundabouts and pedestrians detours as necessary within the software
TTCP SOFTWARE 205
FREEWAY WORK ZONE MODULE
TTCP SOFTWARE 206
Includes ‘typical applications’ and “example” plans specific to operations taking place on the freeway “Example” plans greatly expand on the variety of possible roadway geometries and work locations involved in freeway operations beyond the MUTCD
FREEWAY EXAMPLE
Suppose a TTCP is required for shoulder work on an urban freeway Left shoulder work (median side) 6 feet wide shoulder with 12 feet wide travel
lanes Complete closure of shoulder 70 MPH posted speed limit
Within the Freeway Module, shoulder only work can be selected
TTCP SOFTWARE 207
FREEWAY EXAMPLE
Whenever an “example” plan is shown, a
disclaimer will indicate that the plan is not a TA
from the MUTCD
TWO-LANE WORK ZONE MODULE
Includes ‘typical applications’ and “example” plans specific to operations taking place on two-lane roadways “Example” plans for haul roads beyond TA 6H-14, for long-term and short-term scenarios
TTCP SOFTWARE 209
MULTI-LANE WORK ZONE MODULE
TTCP SOFTWARE 210
Includes ‘typical applications’ and “example” plans specific to operations taking place on multi-lane highways Does not cover work zone scenarios beyond three lanes in one direction Specific plans for short, intermediate, and long term scenarios
MULTI-LANE EXAMPLE
Suppose a TTCP is required for a multi-lane highway which includes a two-way left turn lane Five foot closure within the two-way left turn lane Rural highway with posted speed limit of 40 MPH and 11 feet wide
travel lanes
Skip to the portion of the multi-lane module which relates to highways with two-way left turn lanes
TTCP SOFTWARE 211
MULTI-LANE EXAMPLE
Optional TTC may also be shown in the plan, such as the optional high-level warning device shown in Example Plan 32I
WORK ZONE SAFETY HOMEPAGE
WZ Home button will return the user to the homepage from any of the Work Zone Safety Grant products
TTCP SOFTWARE 213
DISCLAIMER
Opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this presentation are those of contractor(s) and not necessarily those of USDOT or FHWA Was prepared in cooperation with USDOT and FHWA The Work Zone Safety Compendium of Documents Search Engine is a ‘Living Document’ and may be modified and updated as needed
215 COMPENDIUM
WORK ZONE SAFETY COMPENDIUM OF DOCUMENTS SEARCH ENGINE
Workzone.eng.wayne.edu Developed as a part of the 2011 FHWA Work Zone Safety Grant
Customized search engine of all documents relating to highway work zones
COMPENDIUM 216
WORK ZONE SAFETY COMPENDIUM OF DOCUMENTS SEARCH ENGINE
217
WORK ZONE SAFETY COMPENDIUM OF DOCUMENTS SEARCH ENGINE
Please note: Certain results may appear in multiple categories to ensure
users find what they are looking for
WSU updates the document database on a regular basis – however – some documents may become out of date
Document database should be comprehensive – however – some items may be missing Please alert WSU if you are aware of any document that needs
to be added
COMPENDIUM 218