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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Databases and…
• Databases and their uses• Database components• Types of databases• Database management systems• Relational databases• Data warehouses and data marts• Information systems• Data mining
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Databases
• Electronic collections of related data
• Help us organize data
• Turn data into information
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Advantages of Using Databases
• Store and retrieve large quantities of information
• Data centralization
• Data integrity
• FlexibilityStudent housing
Financial AidRecording grades
Student Registration
Parents
Student Information Database
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Database Terminology
• Field:– Category of information
displayed in columns
• Data types:– Text– Numeric– Date– Memo– Object– Hyperlink
Field Name
One Field
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Database Terminology
Record
Table
Primary Key
• Record:– A group of related
fields
• Table:– A group of related
records
• Primary key:– A field value unique to
a record
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Database Types• Relational databases:
– Organize data in a table– Link tables to each other through their
primary keys
• Object-oriented databases:– Stores data in objects– Handles unstructured data
• Object-relational databases:– A hybrid of a relational and object-oriented
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Database Management Systems (DBMS)
• Application software designed to acquire and analyze data
• Four main operations of a DBMS are:– Creating databases and entering data– Viewing and sorting data– Extracting data– Outputting data
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Relational Database Operations
• Relational databases organize data into tables based on logical groupings
• Relationships are links between tables with related data
• Common fields between tables need to exist
• Normalization of data (recording data once) reduces data redundancy
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Data Storage
• Data warehouses:– A large scale
repository of data– Organizes all the data
related to an organization
– Data is organized by subject
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Data marts• Small slices of data• Data of a single
department
Data warehouse illustration
Source data• Internal• External• Customers
Data staging• Extract data from
source• Reformat the data• Store the data
Populating Data Warehouses
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Managing Data: Information Systems
• Information systems:– Software-based solutions used to gather and
analyze information
• Functions performed by information systems include:– Acquiring data– Processing data into information– Storing data– Providing output options
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Information Systems Categories
• Office support
• Transaction processing
• Management
• Decision support
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Data Mining
• Process by which data are analyzed and investigated
• Objective is to spot patterns or trends within the data
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Data Mining Methods
• Classification:– Define data classes
• Estimation:– Assign a value to data
• Affinity grouping or association rules:– Determine which data goes together
• Clustering:– Organize data into subgroups
• Description and visualization:– Provides a clear picture of what is happening
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