![Page 1: Technologies for Generation and Heat Exchange - … for Generation and Heat Exchange ... Tongonan field, Philippines, ... Flow Through Both Power Plants Total Power Generated](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030517/5ac270a27f8b9ac6688e9112/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Technologies for Generation and Heat Exchange
Sadiq J. Zarrouk
Senior Lecturer (Geothermal Engineering)
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Talk Outlines
• Challenges in Conventional Steam Plants (Separators)
• New Directions in Surface Facility
(Total Flow Machines)
• Heat Exchangers in Geothermal Development.
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Geothermal System
From Moon (2012)
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Role of Geothermal Separator
Production Well
Separator
CondensateReinjection Well
Scrubber
2-Phase Fluid
G
BrineReinjection Well
Steam Turbine
Condenser
Cooling Tower
Hot Well Pump
NCGRemoval
Reinjection Pump
Circulation Pump
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Early Separators in Wairakei
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U-Bend Separator
(From Grigg, 1956)
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Vertical Separators
Steam Outlet
Inlet
Water Outlet
De
D
Db
z
β
Dt
α
LT
LB
Spiral Two Phase Inlet
Tangential Two Phase Inlet
TOC BOC From Zarrouk and Purnanto (2014)
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Horizontal Separator
E-12E-10E-6
L
D
Mixture fluid in Steam out
Brine out
Water
Baffles
A
A
A A
Mist EliminatorSteam out
Ball Check
Valve
Baffles
Water
Ball Check
Valve
From Zarrouk and Purnanto (2014)
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Separation Quality
98.8
99
99.2
99.4
99.6
99.8
1000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Ou
tlet
Ste
am Q
ual
ity
( %
)
Mas
s W
etn
ess
of
Ou
tlet
Ste
am (
%)
Steam Velocity at Separator Inlet (m/sec)
WK 30 (Bangma, 1960)
WK 44 (Bangma, 1960)
Lazalde-Crabtree (1984)
From Zarrouk and Purnanto (2014)
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The Location of the Separator?
• Well head, Satellite or Centralised?
Production Well
Separator
CondensateReinjection Well
Scrubber
2-Phase Fluid
G
BrineReinjection Well
Steam Turbine
Condenser
Cooling Tower
Hot Well Pump
NCGRemoval
Reinjection Pump
Circulation Pump
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11
Total Flow (BiPhase) Machines
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Simple Total Flow System
12
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TFC System Using a Working Fluid
From Smith et al (2005)
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Screw Expander
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Simple System
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Modular Units
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1-3 MWe Units
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Waste Heat Steel Mile (China)
2 X 1 MWe Units at the Yangbajain Geothermal Field in Tibet running since 2008 and 2010
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Heat Exchangers
Plate Heat Exchanger
Do
wn
ho
le Pu
mp
Production well
Re-Injection well
Main Plate Heat Exchangers Secondary
Plate Heat Exchangers
Primary fluid line (Geo)
Secondary fluid line
Master Valve
Secondary water circulating pumps
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Problems in Plate Type Heat Exchanger
GI Records
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DHE
Steins and Zarrouk (2012)
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Improving DHE Performance with airlift
Types of geothermal system 22 Steins and Zarrouk (2012)
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Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
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Two Shell Passes and Four Tube Passes
24
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Large size Heat Exchangers
• Large Shell and Tube heat Exchanger tubes may fail due to excessive vibration generated by the shell-side fluid flow around and between tubes. There are several mechanisms that can cause vibration, but fluid-elastic instability is the most sever mechanism, which can cause tube damage in a very short time.
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Erosion corrosion of
an inner shell wall
of a heat exchanger
26
Tongonan field, Philippines, Angcoy et al. (2005)
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Multi-pass Flow Arrangement
27 Steins and Zarrouk (2012)
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Silt Build-up
Steins and Zarrouk (2012)
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29
Silica Deposition (shark skin) in Binary Plant Heat Exchanger Tubing
From Zarrouk et al (2014)
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Scanning electron microscope micrograph
30
From Zarrouk et al (2014)
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High density vitreous silica scale
31 From Zarrouk et al (2014)
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Impact on Generation (Shark Teeth)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
July 2005 July 2006 July 2007 July 2008 July 2009 July 2010 July 2011
Gro
ss P
ow
er
Ou
tpu
t (M
W)
Flo
w R
ate
(to
nn
e/h
r)
Date
Flow Through Both Power Plants Total Power Generated
From Zarrouk et al (2014)
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Thank you
Questions ?