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Technologies for Congestion Charging and Electronic Road
Pricing.
Andrew PickfordTransport Technology Consultants Ltd.
Cambridge, UK
28 August 2008The Challenges of Congestion Pricing in Mega Cities of Indonesia
Manhattan Hotel, Jakarta, Indonesia (c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
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> 1. Why Charge for Road Use?> 2. Technology Options for Charging
> Charging> Enforcement> Vehicle Detection & Classification
> 3. International Examples> Electronic Tolling> Congestion Charging> Emissions-related Charging
> 5. Summary
Agenda
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Why charge for Road Use?
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> Policy objectives:> To finance infrastructure: Electronic Toll Collection> To reduce local emissions: Emissions-related charging> To contribute to roads maintenance: Truck Tolling> To encourage sharing: High Occupancy & Toll Lanes (HOT)> To introduce usage-based taxation: National Road Pricing> To commercialise road management: Shadow tolls
and
> To manage demand and rebalance across modes as part of an
integrated transport strategy: Congestion Charging
Why charge for road use?
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> To manage demand: Congestion Charging> To modify behaviour
> To encourage modal shift> To encourage varying time of trip> To encourage sharing> NOT to encourage a change in destination> NOT to “price people of the roads”
> To fund complementary measures > Attractive alternatives to driving
> Improved bus services> Traveller information systems
Why charge for road use?
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> To reduce local emissions: Emissions-related charging
> To reduce emissions of PM10 and NOx
> Gains in life expectancy> Reduction in premature deaths> Reduction in hospital admissions> Reduction in respiratory problems
> By introducing emissions-based charges> On road usage (local)
> Alongside: initial registration/purchase tax (national)> Alongside: fuel taxation (national)
Why charge for road use?
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Technology Options for Charging
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> Technologies> Interoperable charging systems> Effective enforcement: evidence capture, penalties/fines> Vehicle detection & classification
> But also> Public and political acceptability> Accurate vehicle / owner databases> Legislation:
> Acceptable evidence> Charging on existing roads> Variable charges
> Easy means to pay:> Cash or electronic transfer> Banks, retailers, internet, mobile phone
Enablers of charging?
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> Technology options> Charging
> Tag systems (DSRC) for point detection> Time, location and distance (GPS / GNSS / Cellular)> Cameras that can read license plates (ANPR / ALPR)
> Enforcement:> Barriers> Open road: Image capture> Mobile: urban use> Portable: DSRC
> Vehicle detection & classification> Plaza-based: laser based> Open road
Enablers of charging?
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> The options are:
> 1. Business as usual – congestion keeps growing> 2. Build and widen roads without pricing reforms –
temporarily postpone impact of congestion> 3. Employ pricing and apply restraint> 4. Employ pricing with additional capacity on roads and
across modes to improve transportation efficiency
> Use private finance where necessary to build and/or operate
infrastructure and related services> Break the link between economic growth and traffic
What choice do we have?
Source: after Stephen Glaister
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Technology Options for Charging
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Charging: Technology Options - DSRC
(c) 2006 University of Newcastle, UK
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Electronic Toll Collection – DSRC tag
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
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Electronic Toll Collection – DSRC tag with smart card reader
(c) 2006 Q-Free AS
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Electronic Toll Collection
Ålesund-Giske Bridge/Tunnel – the world’s first ETC scheme
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Urban congestion charging (Sweden)
Charge point (DSRC, vehicle detection and camera enforcement)
(c) 2006 ITS (UK)
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Urban Congestion Charging (London)
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
> Trials of DSRC/ANPR hybrid charge points
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Electronic Toll Collection
Dartford River Crossing, UK
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
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Electronic Toll Collection (Spain)
Automatic Toll Lane, barrier-controlled
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Charging: Technology Options - GNSS
(c) 2006 University of Newcastle, UK
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Truck tolling – On Board Unit (OBU)
GNSS On Board Unit, DIN format (Grundig)
(c) 2006 Grundig, Toll Collect GmbH and Efkon Mobility AG
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Truck tolling – On Board Unit (OBU)
GNSS On Board Unit, windscreen mount (Siemens)
(c) 2006 Siemens AG
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Charging: Technology Options – image capture / ANPR
(c) 2006 University of Newcastle, UK
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Urban Congestion Charging (London)
Camera Site (London)
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
(c)
2006
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Technology Options for Enforcement
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Enforcement
Evidential Record (complete)(c) 2006 Kapsch TrafficCom AG
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Vehicle Detection and Classification: MLFF
Stereoscoping Imaging: Multi-lane Free Flow(c) 2006 Kapsch TrafficCom AB
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Enforcement
(c)
2006
Tra
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Enforcement
Evidential Record (complete)(c) 2006 Ian Catling Consultancy
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Enforcement
Vehicle-based Enforcement (Austria)
(c) 2006 ASFINAG
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Enforcement
Fixed Vehicle-based Enforcement
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
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Enforcement
Mobile enforcement (London)
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
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Enforcement
Hand-held DSRC Reader(c) 2006 Q-Free AS
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Technology Options for Vehicle Detection & Classification
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Vehicle Detection and Classification
Matching Vehicle Detection and Charging
(c) 2006 Tecsidel
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Vehicle Detection and Classification
Vehicle Profiling: Track, speed and axle counting
(c) 2006 Tecsidel
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Vehicle Detection and Classification
Light Curtain (width, axle count and separation)
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
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Vehicle Detection and Classification
Vehicle Profiling: SUV with Trailer(c
) 20
06 T
ecsi
del
(c) 2006 Tecsidel
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Vehicle Detection and Classification
Vehicle Profiling: SUV with Trailer
(c) 2006 Tecsidel
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International Examples
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> Tolls> Belgium, Croatia, France, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
Turkey, UK, etc.> Shadow tolls
> Portugal, UK> Vignettes / eurovignette
> Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland > Planned: Netherlands, Sweden, Slovakia
> Charges and taxes> London (2), Stockholm, Milan> Access control: Italian cities, Cambridge> Discussed: Dublin, UK (4-6), Gothenburg, Helsinki,
Copenhagen, > National schemes: Netherlands and Sweden
Charging schemes in Europe
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> Current extent of zone (June 2008)
London: Congestion Charging
Source TfL Impacts Monitoring 5th Annual Report, July 2007
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> Traffic entering zone (07.00 to 18.30) (-36% cars / minicabs)
London: Congestion Charging
Source TfL Impacts Monitoring 5th Annual Report, July 2007
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> Quantity of bus passengers +18% (to Feb 2004) + 12% (to Feb 2005)
London: Congestion Charging
Source TfL Impacts Monitoring 5th Annual Report, July 2007
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> Traffic entering 16% lower than 2002> Congestion varied between 17%
lower and no reduction> Congestion increase from 2007 to
2008 through reduction in capacity:> Bus lane additions> Safety improvements> Streetworks
> Net revenues of £137m* ($253m) p.a.> No measurable impact on local
economy
> NOx -8%, PM10 -6% and CO2 -16%
(2007)
London: Congestion Charging
*2,344,900m Rupiah
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Low Emission Zone (London)
Projected NO2 concentrations in 2008
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
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> Status at end 2006 (pre-launch)> Air pollution is a serious problem in London
> 1,000 premature deaths per year > 1,000 hospital admissions per year
> Affects most vulnerable parts of society> Majority of Londoners concerned about poor air quality and want
to see it improved
> Particular problems with emissions of particulates (PM10) and
Nitrous Oxides (NOx)> Worse in central London and Heathrow> Road traffic is a major source of emissions
London: Low Emission Zone
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London: Low Emission Zone
Low Emission Zone (LEZ): Geographic coverage
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
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> Options available> Owning a compliant (Euro IV) vehicle> Fitting a particulate reduction device> Fitting a new compliant engine> Buying a new or compliant pre-owned vehicle> Reorganising fleet so that only compliant vehicles travel in zone> Paying a £200 (US$400 daily charge) by internet, phone or post
> Penalty is £1000 (US$2000)> Exemptions are small number of vehicles
London: Low Emission Zone
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London: Low Emission Zone
Level of compliance
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City Access Control (Cambridge)
City Access Control: Rising Bollards (Cambridge)
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
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> Option 4: Employ pricing with additional capacity on roads and
across modes, including buses, to improve transportation
efficiency> It is achievable: > Technology and back office services are available
internationally> Many international examples of integrated transport scheme
that employ pricing to fund modal re-balancing> Can help reduce vehicle-related emissions> Would allow Jakarta to enhance its international
competitiveness and its economic position role in SE Asia
So what choice do we have?
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Not all technologies are easy to understand...
(c)
2006
Uni
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K
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Road User Charging & Electronic Toll Collection
Andrew T.W. PickfordTransport Technology Consultants Ltd.
Prof. Philip T. BlytheUniversity of Newcastle
Hardcover, 370 pp. 2006ISBN: 1-58053-858-4Order Book No. PK998589
> Written whilst stuck in traffic:
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Andrew PickfordTransport Technology Consultants Ltd
Cambridge, UK+44 7710 199314
www.iroad.co.uk
Thank you
(c)
200
6 T
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