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Teacher Notes
This PPT was revised October 25, 2005.
This PPT introduces scientist/history of DNA, DNA structure and RNA structure.
There is a DNA Structure handout for this PPT. The DNA Scientists portion can be done using the book and review with this PPT.
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DNADNAThe Structure of DNA
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Should auld acquaintance be forgot,
And Auld Lang Syne!
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Name the organelle and give its function.
And Auld Lang Syne!
Animal Plant
Nucleus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum: aids in processing carbohydrates, lipids and proteins for export from the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Body
Nucleus: control body of the cell; contains the genetic material (DNA)Golgi Aparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell
Ribosome: site where proteins are made
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And Auld Lang Syne!
What is located in the nucleus?
What type of organic compound is DNA?
What is the monomer of DNA?
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And Auld Lang Syne!What does the DNA of all these organisms have in common?
They all share a universal genetic code.
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And Auld Lang Syne!
What is the name of these monomers?
To what organic compound group do they belong?
N
H
H
H
O
R
C C
O
H
N
H
H
H
O
R
C C
O
H
amine group
variable R group
carboxyl group
carboxyl groupamine group
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And Auld Lang Syne!
What does the chain of amino acids represent?
Threonine
Arginine
Glycine
Glycine
Proline
Asparagine
ProlineAlanine
Polypeptide Chain – A Protein
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History of Heredity
Why am I so gorgeous?
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Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel determined that traits were passed from generation to generation.
But, I haven’tfigured out
how thishappens
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Frederick Griffith
Griffith was working on a vaccine for Streptococcus pneumoniae
He worked with 2 strains of the bacteria:Smooth capsule that causes disease
Rough capsule that does not cause disease
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Frederick Griffith
He added these bacteria strains, some dead and some living, to lab rats.
These are his results:
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Frederick Griffith
Live R+ dead S
Bacteria
Live Smooth Bacteria
Live Rough Bacteria
Dead Smooth Bacteria
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Griffith Proved:That somehow the dead bacteria have passed their disease-causing substance to the harmless, living bacteria.
Griffith discovered a factor that could transform harmless bacteria into disease-causing bacteria
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What was this substance called?
DNA
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Oswald Avery
Avery’s team determined that genes are composed of DNA
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Erwin Chargaff
Chargoff discovered that DNA has the same amount of adenosine as thymine and the same amount of cytosine as guanine. A = T and G = C
A AA AA A
AT
T
T
T TT
T
CCC G G
G
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Rosalind Franklin &Maurice Wilkins
Franklin and Wilkins used x-ray to discover that DNA was a double helix.
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Watson and CrickWatson & Crick won a Nobel Prize for discovering the structural model of DNA.
They credited Wilkins and Franklin. Wilkins also got a Nobel Prize but Franklin did not. Rosalind had passed away and the Nobels are not awarded posthumously.
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DNA is a Nucleic AcidWhat is a nucleic acid?
Nucleic acids are one of the major organic compounds.
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Auld Lang Syne!Nucleic acids contain C, H, N, O, P
Are made up of nucleotide monomers
Store genetic information
Help make proteins
Examples: DNA & RNA
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
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DNA StructureFor what does DNA stand?What is the monomer for nucleic acids?
What is the structure of this monomer?phosphate
nucleotide
N base
PO4
SugarSugar
PO4
N baseThe numbers are the positions of the carbons on the sugar.
(the 3’ end)
5
4
3 2
1
(the 5’ end)
sugarnitrogen base
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
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A NUCLEOTIDE
H
H2
H H
H3
HH H
H
H
O
O
O
C C
C
N
N
PO
O
O
C
C
C C
C
O
OO
C
C
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1. Phosphate Group2. 5-Carbon Sugar
(Dexoyribose or Ribose)3. Nitrogen Base
1. Phosphate Group
2. 5-Carbon Sugar(Dexoyribose or Ribose)
3. Nitrogen Base
Nucleotides, too
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NucleotidesThere are four nitrogen bases making up four different nucleotides.
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
CytosinePyrimidines
PurinesA
C
G
T
N base
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Chargaff’s Base Pair RulesAdenine always bonds with thymine.
Adenine (A) to Thymine (T)
Guanine always bonds with Cytosine.
Guanine (G) to Cytosine (C)
The lines between the bases represent hydrogen bonds
A
CG
T
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C
G
A
A
T
G
Nucleotide
PS
N-b
Pairing DNA NucleotidesWhat is a nucleotide?
Rule
A to
C to
T
G
What is the base pairing rule?What would be the complementary nucleotide pairing?
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3’End
3’End 5’End
5’End
DN
A D
OU
BL
E H
EL
IX
ladder shaped molecule
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Purpose of DNA
Why do we have DNA?
DNA contains our genetic codes
For what does it code?
for proteins
What actually makes you look the way you do - DNA or Proteins?
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What is RNA?
RNA stands for RiboNucleic Acid
DNA must have a “helper” molecule.
RNA is a single stranded nucleic acid
made up of monomers called nucleotides
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base
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A
B
C
RNA Nucleotides
A - Sugar (ribose)
B - Phosphate
C - Nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base
Name the parts of the nucleotide.
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Phosphate Group
Nitrogen Base
Sugar
(ribose)
RNA
Identify the parts of the RNA strand.
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Rules for Base Pairing
Cytosine pairs with Guanine
Adenine pairs with Uracil
Notice that RNA has Uracil (not thymine)
A = U
C = G
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Rules for Base Pairing
C = G
A = U
3’ DNA strand
5’ DNA strandRNA strand
C
A
T
G
G
U
C
A
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What is the function of RNA?
Carries DNA’s message code
Helps make protein
Types of RNAMessenger RNA (mRNA)Transfer RNA (tRNA)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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DNA RNA
Sugar is deoxyribose
Sugar is ribose
Adenine base is present
Cytosine base is present
√
√
√ √
√ √
Comparing DNA & RNA
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DNA RNA
Guanine base is present
Thymine base is present
Uracil base is present
Shape is double helix
√ √
√
√
√
Comparing DNA & RNA
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DNA RNA
Shape is single stranded
Located in nucleus
Located in cytoplasm
Stores genetic information
√
√ √
√
√
Comparing DNA & RNA
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DNA RNA
Functions in protein synthesis
Composed of nucleotides
Template for synthesis of proteins
Transcribes the Template
More than one type
√ √
√ √
√
√
√
Comparing DNA & RNA
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Works Cited