Tamara PAICA PATRIMONIUL INTANGIBIL ROMÂNESC
(tradiții, folclor) ÎN CONTEXTUL GLOBALIZĂRII
(aspecte legislative)
PATRIMONIUL INTANGIBIL ROMÂNESC (tradiții, folclor)
ÎN CONTEXTUL GLOBALIZĂRII (aspecte legislative)
Autor: Tamara PAICA Conducător ştiințific: Acad. Sabina Cornelia ISPAS
Lucrare realizată în cadrul proiectului „Valorificarea identităților culturale în procesele globale”, cofinanțat din Fondul Social European prin Programul Operațional Sectorial Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane 2007 – 2013, contractul de finanțare nr. POSDRU/89/1.5/S/59758. Titlurile şi drepturile de proprietate intelectuală şi industrială asupra rezul‐tatelor obținute în cadrul stagiului de cercetare postdoctorală aparțin Academiei Române.
Punctele de vedere exprimate în lucrare aparțin autorului şi nu angajează Comisia Europeană şi Academia Română, beneficiara proiectului.
Exemplar gratuit. Comercializarea în țară şi străinătate este interzisă.
Reproducerea, fie şi parțială şi pe orice suport, este posibilă numai cu acordul prealabil al Academiei Române.
ISBN 978‐973‐167‐182‐6 Depozit legal: Trim. II 2013
Tamara PAICA
PATRIMONIUL INTANGIBIL ROMÂNESC (tradiții, folclor)
ÎN CONTEXTUL GLOBALIZĂRII (aspecte legislative)
Editura Muzeului Național al Literaturii Române
Colecția AULA MAGNA
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Cuprins
INTRODUCERE.................................................................................................................. 11
Capitolul I: NOȚIUNEA DE GLOBALIZARE ............................................................. 13 Secțiunea I ‐ Noțiunea de cultură şi noțiunea de civilizație .............. 13 Secțiunea II ‐ Noțiunea de etnicitate şi națiune .................................. 15 Secțiunea III ‐ Termenul de globalizare ............................................... 18
Capitolul II: CONCEPTUL DE EUROREGIUNE......................................................... 39 Secțiunea I ‐ Noțiuni generale................................................................. 39 Secțiunea II ‐ Euroregiunea „Carpatica”............................................... 50 Secțiunea IV ‐ Euroregiunea “Dunărea 21“ ......................................... 57 Secțiunea V ‐ Euroregiunea “Giurgiu – Ruse” .................................... 58 Secțiunea VI ‐ Euroregiunea “Dunărea de Sud” şi
Euroregiunea “Danubius”........................................... 59 Secțiunea VII ‐ Euroregiunea “Dunărea de Jos” ................................. 60 Secțiunea VIII ‐ Euroregiunea “Prutul de Sus” ................................... 62 Secțiunea IX ‐ Euroregiunea “Siret‐Prut‐Nistru”................................ 66 Secțiunea X ‐ Euroregiunea „Dunărea de Mijloc –Porțile de
Fier”................................................................................. 67 Secțiunea XI ‐ Euroregiunea „Dunărea Inferioară”........................... 68 Secțiunea XII ‐ Conceptul de Regiuni de dezvoltare......................... 69
Capitolul III: EVOLUȚIA LEGISLATIVĂ INTERNAȚIONALĂ A PROTECȚIEI PATRIMONIULUI CULTURAL................................. 73 Secțiunea I ‐ Acordul privind facilitarea Circulației
Internaționale a materialelor vizuale şi auditive din domeniul educației, ştiinței şi culturii............................................................................. 75
Secțiunea II ‐ Acordul privind importul de materiale educaționale, ştiințifice şi culturale ........................... 76
Secțiunea III ‐ Recomandarea UNESCO privind salvgardarea frumuseții şi caracteristicilor peisajelor şi terenurilor ................................................ 78
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Secțiunea IV ‐ Declarația de principii de cooperare internațională în domeniul culturii ......................... 79
Secțiunea V ‐ Convenția asupra mijloacelor de interzicere şi prevenire a importului ilicit, exportului şi transferului de proprietate asupra bunurilor culturale.......................................................................... 80
Secțiunea VI ‐ Recomandarea cu privire protecția la nivel național a culturii şi patrimoniului natural ............ 82
Secțiunea VII ‐ Recomandare cu privire la schimbul internațional de bunuri culturale............................... 84
Secțiunea VIII ‐ Recomandarea cu privire la salvgardarea şi rolul istoric al ariilor istorice...................................... 86
Subcapitol IX ‐ Recomandarea privind participarea maselor largi populare la viața culturală şi contribuția lor la aceasta................................................................... 88
Subcapitol X ‐ Recomandarea pentru protecția bunurilor culturale mobile ‐ 28 noiembrie 1978 ....................... 90
Secțiunea XI ‐ Recomandarea privind salvgardarea Culturii Tradiționale şi a Folclorului....................................... 92
Secțiunea XII ‐ Declarația UNESCO cu privire la Diversitatea Culturala......................................................................... 95
Secțiunea XIII ‐ Declarația cu privire la Distrugerea intenționată a patrimoniului cultural ...................... 98
Secțiunea XIV ‐ Convenția pentru salvgardarea patrimoniului cultural imaterial ................................ 99
Secțiunea XV ‐ Convenția privind protecția şi promovarea diversității expresiilor culturale ...............................107
Capitolul VI: CADRUL LEGISLATIV ROMÂNESC ÎN DOMENIUL PROTECȚIEI PATRIMONIULUI IMATERIAL............................... 120 Secțiunea I ‐ Legea nr. 410 din 29.12.2005 privind
acceptarea Convenției pentru salvgardarea patrimoniului cultural imaterial, adoptată la Paris la 17 octombrie 2003.........................................120
Secțiunea II ‐ Legea nr. 26 din 29 februarie 2008 privind protejarea patrimoniului cultural imaterial...........122
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Secțiunea III ‐ ORDIN NR. 2236 din 12. 04. 2008 privind organizarea, funcționarea şi atribuțiile Comisiei naționale pentru salvgardarea patrimoniului cultural imaterial ..............................129
Secțiunea IV ‐ Ordinul Ministrului Culturii şi Cultelor nr. 2436/08.07.2008 privind elaborarea Programului național de salvgardare, protejare şi punere în valoare a patrimoniului cultural imaterial.........................................................132
Secțiunea V ‐ Ordinul Ministrului Culturii, Cultelor şi Patrimoniului național nr. 2491/27.11.2009 ‐ pentru aprobarea Regulamentului de acordare a titlului de TEZAUR UMAN VIU.........134
Secțiunea VI ‐ Codul Patrimoniului Cultural – Proiect..................136
Capitolul V: MĂSURI EUROPENE ÎN DOMENIUL PROTECȚIEI ŞI VALORIFICĂRII PATRIMONIULUI IMATERIAL........................ 140 Secțiunea I ‐ Agenda Europeană ....................................................140 Secțiunea II ‐ Programul Cultura .....................................................144 Secțiunea III ‐ Marca patrimoniului european................................147 Secțiunea IV ‐ Capitala europeană a culturii ...................................149
Capitolul VI: ISTORIA UNESCO. ROLUL UNESCO ÎN PROTECȚIA PATRIMONIULUI IMATERIAL ........................................................ 152 Secțiunea I ‐ Istoria UNESCO..........................................................152 Secțiunea II ‐ UNESCO în zilele noastre.........................................164
Capitolul VII ‐ OFICIUL REGIONAL UNESCO DE LA VENEȚIA ...................... 171 Secțiunea I ‐ Istoric. Cadru Legislativ. Conducere.
Atribuții. .......................................................................171 Secțiunea II ‐ Programul „Cultura: o punte spre dezvoltare” ....175 Secțiunea III ‐ Protejarea patrimoniului cultural ............................176
BIBLIOGRAFIE ................................................................................................................. 177
ANEXA I: TEXTE ALE ACTELOR NORMATIVE INTERNAȚIONALE ÎN DOMENIUL PATRIMONIULUI CULTURAL INTANGIBIL........................................................................................... 184
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Agreement For Facilitating the International Circulation of Visual and Auditory Materials of an Educational, Scientific and Cultural character with Protocol of Signature and model form of certificate provided for in Article IV of the above‐mentioned Agreement 1948.......184 ACORD privind importul de obiecte cu caracter educativ, ştiințific sau cultural................................................................................................190 Recommendation concerning the Safeguarding of Beauty and Character of Landscapes and Sites 11 December 1962 ...........................198 Declaration of Principles of International Cultural Co‐operation 4 November 1966 ......................................................................................204 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property ..........206 Recommendation concerning the Protection, at National Level, of the Cultural and Natural Heritage 16 November 1972 .........................214 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage .......................................................................................223 Recommendation concerning the Protection, at National Level, of the Cultural and Natural Heritage 16 November 1972 ..........................235 Recommendation concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas 26 November 1976 ...............................................244 Recommendation on Participation by the People at Large in Cultural Life and their Contribution to It 26 November 1976................254 Recommendation for the Protection of Movable Cultural Property 28 November 1978 ....................................................................................265 Conventia din 17 octombrie 2003 pentru salvgardarea patrimoniului cultural imateria................................................................272
ANEXA II: TEXTE ALE ACTELOR NORMATIVE ROMÂNEŞTI ÎN DOMENIUL PATRIMONIULUI CULTURAL INTANGIBIL ...... 284 Legea 410 din 29 decembrie 2005 (Legea 410/2005) privind acceptarea Conventiei pentru salvgardarea patrimoniului cultural imaterial, adoptata la Paris la 17 octombrie 2003 ....................................284 LEGE Nr. 26 din 29 februarie 2008 privind protejarea patrimoniului cultural imaterial ..............................................................284 Hotarare nr. 998/2008 pentru desemnarea polilor nationali de crestere in care se realizeaza cu prioritate investitii din programele cu finantare comunitara si nationala........................................................289
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ORDIN NR. 2236 din 12. 04. 2008 privind organizarea, funcționarea si atribuțiile Comisiei naționale pentru salvgardarea patrimoniului cultural imaterial ..............................................................290 ORDIN NR. 2436 din 08. 07. 2008 privind elaborarea Programului național de salvgardare, protejare şi punere în valoare a patrimoniului cultural imaterial............................................................295 ORDIN 297 nr. 2491 din 27.11.2009 pentru aprobarea Regulamentului de acordare a titlului de.................................................297 TEZAUR UMAN VIU............................................................................297 ORDIN nr. 2678 din 24.11.2010 pentru modificarea Anexei nr. 2, parte integrantă a Ordinului ministrului culturii si cultelor nr. 2236 din 12.04.2008 privind organizarea, funcționarea si atribuțiile ...................................................................................................300 Comisiei naționale pentru salvgardarea patrimoniului cultural imaterial, cu modificările ulterioare..........................................................300
ADDENDA
SYNTHESIS................................................................................................. 301
CONTENTS ..................................................................................... 305
301
ADDENDA
Synthesis
Romanian intangible heritage in the context of globalization
In the research entitled ʺRomanian intangible heritage in the context of globalizationʺ I intended to give to the interested readers the theoretical side of the problem, as well as a legislative analyses based on the laws concerning the protection and the safeguarding of the intangible heritage in Romania and worldwide.
Thus, in Chapter I of this paper, entitled ʺThe notion of globalizationʺ, I presented the concepts ʺcultureʺ and ʺcivilizationʺ, the notions ʺethnicityʺ and ʺnationʺ the term ʺglobalizationʺ and the relationship between globalization and culture. Chapter contains many definitions of above listed notions, views and opinions of authors from different areas, as well as personal opinions.
Chapter II of this paper, entitled ʺThe concept of Euro regionʺ addresses a concept rarely approached in the literature ‐ “the concept of Euro regionʺ. In the context of globalization, cooperation with neighbors is extremely important. In this chapter we talked about the history of the euro regions, about the algorithm of a ʺgood Euro regionʺ proposed by Andre Louis blood, about the purpose and objectives of Euro regions in generally. In the same chapter I presented the Euro regions in which Romania is part, their legal framework and their objectives. So I talked about:
‐ Euro region ʺCarpaticaʺ; ‐ Euro region ʺDanube ‐ Kris ‐ Mures ‐ Tisaʺ / (DKMT);
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‐ Euro region “Danube ʺ21ʺ; ‐ Euro region ʺGiurgiu ‐ Ruseʺ; ‐ Euro region ”South Danube ʺ and Euro region ʺDanubiusʺ; ‐ Euro region ʺLower Danubeʺ; ‐ Euro region ʺUpper Prutʺ; ‐ Euro ʺSiret‐Prut‐Nistruʺ; ‐ Euro region ʺMiddle‐Danube Iron Gateʺ; ‐ Euro region ʺInferior Danubeʺ; In the same chapter I talked about the concept of “developing
regions”, listed them and talked about their structure. In Chapter III of this paper I addressed the issue of the Evolution of
the international protection of cultural heritage. In this chapter I analyzed chronologically UNESCO international
regulations on the topic of the protection of cultural heritage, respectively: 1. Agreement For Facilitating the International Circulation of Visual
and Auditory Materials of an Educational, Scientific and Cultural character with Protocol of Signature and model form of certificate provided for in Article IV of the above‐mentioned Agreement ‐ Signed in Beirut, on 10th of December 1948;
2. Agreement on the Importation of Educational, Scientific and Cultural Materials, Florence 17th of June 1950;
3. Recommendation concerning the Safeguarding of Beauty and Character of Landscapes and Sites) ‐ 11th of december1962;
4. Declaration of Principles of International Cultural Co‐operation – 04th of November 1966;
5. Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property – 14th of November 1970;
6. Recommendation concerning the Protection, at National Level, of the Cultural and Natural Heritage) – 16th of November 1972;
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7. Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Paris, 16th of November 1972;
8. Recommendation concerning the International Exchange of Cultural Property – 26th of November 1976;
9. Recommendation concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas – 26th of November 1976;
10. Recommendation on Participation by the People at Large in Cultural Life and their Contribution to It – 26th of November 1976;
11. Recommendation for the Protection of Movable Cultural Property ‐28th of November 1978;
12. Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore – 15th of November 1989 ;
13. UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity – 02nd of November 2001;
14. UNESCO Declaration concerning the Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage – 17th of October 2003;
15. Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage ‐ Paris, 17th of October 2003;
16. Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions ‐ Paris, 20th of October 2005.
In Chapter IV called THE ROMANIAN LEGAL PROTECTION OF INTANGIBLE HERITAGE, I analyzed the Romanian national regulations protecting the intangible cultural heritage, namely:
‐ Law no. 410 from 29.12.2005 regarding the acceptance of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, adopted in Paris on October 17, 2003;
‐ Law no. 26 of 29 February 2008 on the protection of intangible cultural heritage;
‐ Order no. 2236 of 12. 04. 2008 on the organization, functioning and powers of the National Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage;
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‐ Order of the Ministry of Culture no. 2436/08.07.2008 on developing national program for safeguard, protection and enhancement of intangible cultural heritage;
‐ Order of the Minister of Culture and National Heritage no. 2491/27.11.2009 ‐ for approval of the granting of the title of Living Human Treasure;
‐ Code of Cultural Heritage – Project; Chapter V of the paper is entitled European measures for the
protection and recovery of intangible heritage. In this chapter I talked about the European Agenda, the “Culture” program, the European Heritage Label and the European Capital of Culture program.
In the Chapter VI of the paper I talked about the history of UNESCO
and its role in the process if safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. In this chapter I presented the history of the founding of that organization, its governing bodies, functions, objectives and procedures.
In the last chapter, entitled UNESCO Regional Office in Venice, I presented a brief history of the establishment of this Regional Office, its governing bodies and the powers and functions of this organization. In the same chapter I talked about ʺCulture: a bridge to developmentʺ program.
The paper has two annexes, namely Annex I containing the texts of the international normative and Annex II containing the texts of the Romanian laws in the field of intangible cultural heritage.
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Contents
FOREWORD ......................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER I: GLOBALIZATION CONCEPT................................................... 13 Section I ‐ Concept of Culture and civilization.........................13 Section II ‐ Concepts of Ethnicity and nation ..........................15 Section III ‐ Term of globalization ..............................................18
CHAPTER II: THE CONCEPT OF EUROREGION ........................................ 39 Section I ‐ General ideas..............................................................39 Section II ‐ Carpatica Euroregion .............................................50 Section III ‐ Danube – Cris ‐ Mures – Tisa
Euroregion................................................................53 Section IV ‐ Danube 21 Euroregion ..........................................57 Section V ‐ Giurgiu – Ruse”Euroregiunea “.............................58 Section VI ‐ The South Danube Euroregion and
Danubius Euroregion .............................................59 Section VII ‐ The Lower Danube Euroregion...........................60 Section VIII ‐ The South Prut Euroregion..................................62 Section IX ‐ Siret‐Prut‐Nistru Euroregion ................................66 Section X ‐ The Middle Danube – Iron Gates
Euroregion................................................................67 Section XI ‐ The Lower Danube Euroregion .............................68 Section XII ‐ Concept of development region...........................69
CHAPTER III: THE INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATIVE EVOLUTION OF THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE SAFEGUARDING ........................... 73 Section I ‐ Agreement For Facilitating the
International Circulation of Visual and Auditory Materials of an Educational, Scientific and Cultural character with Protocol of Signature and model form of certificate provided for in Article IV of the above‐mentioned Agreement..................................75
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Section II ‐ Agreement on the Importation of Educational, Scientific and Cultural Materials, with Annexes A to E and Protocol annexed .............................76
Section III ‐ Recommendation concerning the Safeguarding of Beauty and Character of Landscapes and Sites........................................................................78
Section IV ‐ Declaration of Principles of International Cultural Co‐operation...............................................................79
Section V ‐ Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property ...............................................................80
Section VI ‐ Recommendation concerning the Protection, at National Level, of the Cultural and Natural Heritage ...............................................................82
Section VII ‐ Recommendation concerning the International Exchange of Cultural Property ................................................84
Section VIII ‐ Recommendation concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas ........................................86
Subchapter IX ‐ Recommendation on Participation by the People at Large in Cultural Life and their Contribution to It ................................................88
Subchapter X ‐ Recommendation for the Protection of Movable Cultural Property 28 November 1978 .............................90
Section XI ‐ Recommendation for the Safeguarding and Preservation of Moving Images ...................................................92
Section XII ‐ UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity ...............................................95
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Section XIII ‐ UNESCO Declaration concerning the Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage.................................................98
Section XIV ‐ Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Paris, 17 October 2003 ........................99
Section XV ‐ Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions Paris, 20 October 2005 ......................................................107
CHAPTER IV: ROMANIAN LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK SAFEGUARDING OF THE INTANGIBLE HERITAGE ................................................................................. 120 Section I ‐ Law no. 410 of 29.12.2005 regarding
the acceptance of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, adopted in Paris on 17 October 2003...................................................120
Section II ‐ Law no. 26 of 29 February 2008 on the protection of intangible cultural heritage......................................................................122
Section III ‐ ORDER NO. 2236 of 12. April. 2008 on the organization, functioning and powers of the National Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.....................................................129
Section IV ‐ Order of the Ministry of Culture no. 2436/08.07.2008 the elaboration of national safeguard Plan for the protection and enhancement of intangible cultural heritage ....................................132
Section V ‐ The Minister of Culture and National Heritage no. 2491/27.11.2009 ‐ for approval of the granting of the title of Living Human Treasure, protection and enhancement of intangible cultural heritage ....................................134
Section VI ‐ Culturale Heritage Code ‐ Project ......................136
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CHAPTER V: EUROPEAN MEASURES FOR THE PROTECTION AND ENHANCEMENT OF INTANGIBLE HERITAGE ....................................................... 140 Section I ‐ European Agenda ....................................................140 Section II ‐ The Program CULTURE ........................................144 Section III ‐ European Heritage Label......................................147 Section IV ‐ European Capital of Culture................................149
CHAPTER VI: HISTORY OF UNESCO. THE ROLE OF UNESCO IN SAFIEGUARDING THE INTANGIBLE HERITAGE ....................................................... 152 Section I ‐ History of UNESCO.................................................152 Section II ‐ UNESCO nowadays ..............................................164
CHAPTER VII: UNESCO REGIONAL OFFICE IN VENICE ...................... 171 Section I ‐ History. Legal Framework.
Leadership. Duties...................................................171 Section II ‐ Culture: a bridge to development.........................175 Section III ‐ Protection of cultural heritage .............................176
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 177
ANNEX I: TEXTS OF INTERNATIONAL NORMATIVE ACTS CONCERNING THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE............................................................... 184 Agreement For Facilitating the International Circulation of Visual and Auditory Materials of an Educational, Scientific and Cultural character with Protocol of Signature and model form of certificate provided for in Article IV of the above‐mentioned Agreement 1948 ..................................................................................184 ACORD privind importul de obiecte cu caracter educativ, stiintific sau cultural ...........................................................190 Recommendation concerning the Safeguarding of Beauty and Character of Landscapes and Sites 11 December 1962 ....................................................................................198 Declaration of Principles of International Cultural Co‐operation 4 November 1966 ...............................................................204
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Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property.........................................................206 Recommendation concerning the Protection, at National Level, of the Cultural and Natural Heritage 16 November 1972...............................................................................214 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage...........................................................223 Recommendation concerning the Protection, at National Level, of the Cultural and Natural Heritage 16 November 1972...............................................................................235 Recommendation concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas 26 November 1976......................................................................................................244 Recommendation on Participation by the People at Large in Cultural Life and their Contribution to It 26 November 1976....................................................................................254 Recommendation for the Protection of Movable Cultural Property 28 November 1978...............................................265 Conventia din 17 octombrie 2003 for safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage.................................................................272
ANNEX II: ROMANIAN NORMATIVE ACTS IN THE FIELD OF INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE.................................................................................. 284 Law no. 26 of 29 February 2008 on the protection of intangible cultural heritage ................................................................284 Resolution no. 998/2008 for the designation of national growth poles in which priority is given to investment in Community and national financing programs .............................289 ORDER NO. 2236 of 12. April. 2008 on the organization, functioning and powers of the National Commission 259 for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage.................................................................................................290 ORDER NO. 2436 of 08. 07. 2008 on the elaboration of national Program for safeguard, protection and enhancement of the Intangible Cultural Heritage .............................295
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Order no. 2491 of 27.11.2009 on approval of the granting of the title of Living Human Treasure ................................297 Order no. 2678 of 24.11.2010 amending Annex no. 2, part of the Order of the Minister of Culture no. 2236 of 12.04.2008 on the organization, functioning and powers National Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, as amended 269 ..................................300
Editura Muzeului Național al Literaturii Române
CNCS PN ‐ II ‐ ACRED ‐ ED ‐ 2012 – 0374 Coperta colecției: AULA MAGNA
Machetare, tehnoredactare şi prezentare grafică: Nicolae LOGIN, Luminița LOGIN
Ligistică editorială şi diseminare: Ovidiu SÎRBU, Radu AMAN
Traducerea sumarului şi sintezei, corectură şi bun de tipar asigurate de autor
ISBN 978‐973‐167‐182‐6 Apărut trim. II 2013