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Take out your notebook!
NEATLY write your first NEATLY write your first and last name on a and last name on a
popsicle stick (they are popsicle stick (they are at the front of the room!at the front of the room!
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Branches of Science
Life Science– Biology– Zoology– Botany
Physical Science– Chemistry– Physics
Earth Science– Geology– Meteorology– Astronomy– Oceanography
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Critical Thinking and Scientific Thinking
• Much of the knowledge that has been accumulated in the sciences as well as other disciplines follows a logical series of steps.
• This series of steps has arisen from the application of critical thinking skills to problem solving
• While you probably already use these problem solving steps to problems in your own life – in this class, we will refer to them as “The Scientific Method”
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What would you do?
Pick a scenario and write down the detailed steps you could take to arrive at a possible solution. It may help to draw a concept map!
1.Halfway through your drive to work, your car starts to make a squealing sound.
2.Your fishing on Montrose Beach early one morning and notice you aren’t catching anything.
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• Make decision to pull over or keep going
• Check under the hood – are things running correctly?
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1. Check type of bait
2. Check weather
1. Check online forums
2. Change rod to fly rod
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1. Change bait
2. Change location
3. Distance of cast
1. Ask local fisherman abt good locations
2. Check bait
3. Increase patience
4. Try a different time of day
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Scientific Method
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• What is the scientific method?– It is a standardize procedure used to
determine if a Hypothesis/Experiment is correct.
• It is used by all scientists• What is the advantage of this
standardized process?
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What are the steps of the scientific method?
• Observe - • Purpose• Hypothesis• Experiment• Analysis• Conclusion (Revisit the hypothesis)
• Theory• Law
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Using the process
• Observation– gathering information using the
senses
Make:1 observation and1 inferenceAbout the pic to the left
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Question/Purpose
• Defining the problem– What do I want to know?– What might an option be to solve this
particular problem?
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Constructing the Hypothesis
• Educated guess as to the relationship between 2 variables (independent/dependent variable)
• Formed using:– observations/inferences research, prior
knowledge
• Usually constructed as an “If…, then…” statement
• MUST be testable and measurable
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Experimental Design
• “Controlled” experiment– Everything is the same in all groups except
the factor you are testing
• Independent variable– Factor being tested – Ask yourself: What am I changing between
each group?
• Dependent variable– Factor scientists measure– Ask yourself: What was measured in each
group? What changed on it’s own?
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Experimental Design
• Experimental group– Group(s) with different levels of the independent
variable
• Control group– Group to compare results to– “Normal” conditions– Sometimes lacking the independent variable
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Experiment, cont.
• Data– Qualitative: descriptive, words– Quantitative: measurements,
numbers– Data should be taken using the
metric system!
• Example:– # of students not wearing IDs
during each class period• What are we testing?• Variables?• Data?
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Results
• ResultsResults– Organize data into tables– Run calculations (if necessary)– Create graphs to show relationships
and correlations between the data
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Conclusion
• AnalysisAnalysis
– Answer questions to interpret relationship of data
– What does the data “tell” you?
• Is my hypothesis supported or rejected?
– If yesIf yes: once repeated and evaluated several times – the correlation may become a scientific theory
– If noIf no: Why not?
• Error analysis
• Incorrect assumption
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Theory
• Well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
• Never proven to be true, but can be disproved