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Unit 1: What is Biology?Unit 2: EcologyUnit 3: The Life of a CellUnit 4: GeneticsUnit 5: Change Through TimeUnit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and FungiUnit 7: PlantsUnit 8: InvertebratesUnit 9: VertebratesUnit 10: The Human Body
Unit 1: What is Biology?
Chapter 1: Biology: The Study of LifeUnit 2: Ecology Chapter 2: Principles of Ecology Chapter 3: Communities and Biomes Chapter 4: Population Biology Chapter 5: Biological Diversity and ConservationUnit 3: The Life of a Cell Chapter 6: The Chemistry of Life Chapter 7: A View of the Cell Chapter 8: Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle Chapter 9: Energy in a Cell
Unit 4: Genetics
Chapter 10: Mendel and Meiosis
Chapter 11: DNA and Genes
Chapter 12: Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics
Chapter 13: Genetic Technology
Unit 5: Change Through Time Chapter 14: The History of Life Chapter 15: The Theory of Evolution Chapter 16: Primate Evolution Chapter 17: Organizing Life’s Diversity
Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi
Chapter 18: Viruses and Bacteria
Chapter 19: Protists
Chapter 20: Fungi
Unit 7: Plants
Chapter 21: What Is a Plant?
Chapter 22: The Diversity of Plants
Chapter 23: Plant Structure and Function
Chapter 24: Reproduction in Plants
Unit 8: Invertebrates
Chapter 25: What Is an Animal?
Chapter 26: Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and
Roundworms
Chapter 27: Mollusks and Segmented Worms
Chapter 28: Arthropods
Chapter 29: Echinoderms and Invertebrate
Chordates
Unit 9: Vertebrates Chapter 30: Fishes and Amphibians
Chapter 31: Reptiles and Birds
Chapter 32: Mammals
Chapter 33: Animal Behavior
Unit 10: The Human Body
Chapter 34: Protection, Support, and Locomotion
Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter 36: The Nervous System
Chapter 37: Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion
Chapter 38: Reproduction and Development
Chapter 39: Immunity from Disease
The Human Body
Protection, Support, and Locomotion
The Digestive and Endocrine Systems
The Nervous System
Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion
Reproduction and Development
Immunity from Disease
Chapter 37 Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion
37.1: The Respiratory System
37.1: Section Check
37.2: The Circulatory System
37.2: Section Check
37.3: The Urinary System
37.3: Section Check
Chapter 37 Summary
Chapter 37 Assessment
What You’ll Learn
You will identify the functions of the respiratory system and explain the mechanics of breathing.
You will describe the structure and function of the different types of blood cells and trace the pathway of blood circulation through the body.
What You’ll Learn
You will describe the structure and function of the urinary system.
• Identify the structures involved in external respiration.
Section Objectives:
• Contrast external and cellular respiration.
• Explain the mechanics of breathing.
• Your respiratory system is made of a pair of lungs and a series of passageways, each one extending deeper into your body. These passageways include the nasal passages, the throat, the windpipe, and the bronchi.
• Breathing is just one of the functions that the respiratory system carries out.
Passageways and LungsPassageways and Lungs
• Respiration, the process of gas exchange, is another important function performed by the respiratory system.
Passageways and Lungs
Passageways and Lungs Pharynx
Medulla oblongata
Left lungDiaphragm
Bronchiole
Right lung
Bronchus
Trachea
Esophagus
LarynxEpiglottis
Nasal cavity
• The first step in the process of respiration involves taking air into your body through your nose or mouth.
• Air flows into the pharynx, or throat, passes the epiglottis, and moves through the larynx.
The path air takesThe path air takes
The path air takesThe path air takes
• It then travels down the windpipe, or trachea (TRAY kee uh), a tubelike passageway that leads to two tubes, or bronchi (BRAHN ki) (singular, bronchus), which lead into the lungs.
• When you swallow food, the epiglottis covers the entrance to the trachea, which prevents food from getting into the air passages.
Pharynx
Medulla oblongata
Left lungDiaphragm
Bronchiole
Right lung
Bronchus
Trachea
Esophagus
LarynxEpiglottis
Nasal cavity
The path air takesThe path air takes
• To prevent foreign material from reaching the lungs, the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi are lined with ciliated cells that secrete mucus.
Cleaning dirty airCleaning dirty air
Cleaning dirty airCleaning dirty air• The cilia
constantly beat upward in the direction of your throat, where foreign material can be swallowed or expelled by coughing or sneezing.
Cilia
• Each bronchus branches into bronchioles, which in turn branch into numerous microscopic tubes that eventually open into thousands of thin-walled sacs called alveoli.
Alveoli
Alveoli: The place of gas exchangeAlveoli: The place of gas exchange
• Alveoli (al VEE uh li) are the sacs of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged by diffusion between the air and blood.
• The clusters of alveoli are surrounded by networks of tiny blood vessels, or capillaries.
Alveoli: The place of gas exchangeAlveoli: The place of gas exchange
Alveoli: The place of gas exchangeAlveoli: The place of gas exchange
• Blood in these vessels has come from the cells of the body and contains wastes from cellular respiration.
Alveoli
Capillary network
O2 – rich blood
CO2 – rich bloodAlveolus
• External respiration involves the exchange of oxygen or carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and the blood that circulates through the walls of the alveoli.
Alveoli: The place of gas exchangeAlveoli: The place of gas exchange
Respiration and Lung FunctionRespiration and Lung Function
Click image to view movie.
• Once oxygen from the air diffuses into the blood vessels surrounding the alveoli, it is pumped by the heart to the body cells, where it is used for cellular respiration.
Blood transport of gasesBlood transport of gases
• Cellular respiration is the process by which cells use oxygen to break down glucose and release energy in the form of ATP.
• Carbon dioxide is a waste product of the process.
Blood transport of gasesBlood transport of gases
• The carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood, which carries it back to the lungs.
• Carbon dioxide from the body diffuses from the blood into the air spaces in the alveoli.
• During exhalation, this carbon dioxide is removed from your body.
Blood transport of gasesBlood transport of gases
• At the same time, oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the blood, making the blood rich in oxygen.
• The action of your diaphragm and the muscles between your ribs enable you to breathe in and breathe out.
The Mechanics of BreathingThe Mechanics of BreathingPosition of ribs when exhaling Lung when
exhaling
Position of diaphragm when exhaling
The Mechanics of BreathingThe Mechanics of Breathing
• When relaxed, your diaphragm is positioned in a dome shape beneath your lungs, decreasing the volume of the chest cavity and forcing air out of the lungs.
Position of ribs when exhaling Lung when
exhaling
Position of diaphragm when exhaling
• When contracting, the diaphragm flattens, enlarging the chest cavity and drawing air into the lungs.
Position of ribs when inhaling
Lung when inhaling
Position of diaphragm when inhaling
The Mechanics of BreathingThe Mechanics of Breathing
• The alveoli in healthy lungs are elastic, they stretch as you inhale and return to their original size as you exhale.
The Mechanics of BreathingThe Mechanics of Breathing
• The alveoli still contain a small amount of air after you exhale.
• Breathing is usually an involuntary process.
Control of RespirationControl of Respiration
• It is partially controlled by an internal feedback mechanism that involves signals being sent to the medulla oblongata about the chemistry of your blood.
• The medulla oblongata responds to higher levels of carbon dioxide in your body by sending nerve signals to the rib muscles and diaphragm.
Control of RespirationControl of Respiration
• The nerve signals cause these muscles to contract, and you inhale.
Question 1
Where does gas exchange occur during respiration?
D. in the diaphragm
C. in alveoli
B. in capillaries
A. in the blood
The answer is C. Alveoli are the sacs of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
Alveoli
Capillary network
O2 – rich blood
CO2 – rich bloodAlveolus
Question 2
How does the diaphragm enable your lungs to fill with air when you inhale?
When you inhale, the diaphragm flattens, enlarging the chest cavity and drawing air into the lungs.
Position of ribs when inhaling
Lung when inhaling
Position of diaphragm when inhaling
Question 3
What role does the medulla oblongata play in respiration?
Answer
The medulla oblongata responds to higher levels of carbon dioxide in your blood by sending nerve signals to the rib muscles and diaphragm. The nerve signals cause your muscles to contract and you inhale.
• Distinguish among the various components of blood and among blood groups.
Section Objectives:
• Trace the route blood takes through the body and heart.
• Explain how heart rate is controlled.
Your Blood: Fluid TransportYour Blood: Fluid Transport• Your blood is a tissue composed of fluid,
cells, and fragments of cells.
• The fluid portion of blood is called plasma.
Components Characteristics
Red blood cellsTransport oxygen and some carbon dioxide; lack a nucleus; contain hemoglobin
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma
Large; several different types; all contain nuclei; defend the body against disease
Cell fragments needed for blood clotting
Liquid; contains proteins; transports red and white blood cells, platelets, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, gases, and inorganic salts
Table 37.1 Blood Components
Your Blood: Fluid TransportYour Blood: Fluid Transport
• Blood cells-both red and white-and cell fragments are suspended in plasma.
• Plasma is straw colored and makes up about 55 percent of the total volume of blood.
Red blood cells: Oxygen carriersRed blood cells: Oxygen carriers
• The round, disk-shaped cells in blood are red blood cells.
• Red blood cells carry oxygen to body cells.
Side view
Top view
2.0 micrometers
7.5 micrometers
Red blood cells: Oxygen carriersRed blood cells: Oxygen carriers
• They make up 44 percent of the total volume of your blood, and are produced in the red bone marrow of your ribs, humerus, femur sternum, and other long bones.
• Red blood cells remain active in the bloodstream for about 120 days, then they break down and are removed as waste.
Red blood cells: Oxygen carriersRed blood cells: Oxygen carriers
• Old red blood cells are destroyed in your spleen, an organ of the lymphatic system, and in your liver.
Oxygen in the bloodOxygen in the blood
• Red blood cells are equipped with an iron-containing protein molecule called hemoglobin (HEE muh gloh bun).
Oxygen in the bloodOxygen in the blood• Oxygen becomes loosely bound to the
hemoglobin in blood cells that have entered the lungs.
• These oxygenated blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body’s cells.
• As blood passes through body tissues with low oxygen concentrations, oxygen is released from the hemoglobin and diffuses into the tissues.
Carbon dioxide in the bloodCarbon dioxide in the blood
• Hemoglobin carries some carbon dioxide as well as oxygen.
• Once biological work has been done in a cell, wastes in the form of carbon dioxide diffuse into the blood and are carried in the bloodstream to the lungs.
Carbon dioxide in the bloodCarbon dioxide in the blood
• About 70 percent of this carbon dioxide combines with water in the blood plasma to form bicarbonate.
• The remaining 30 percent travels back to the lungs dissolved in the plasma or attached to hemoglobin molecules that have already released their oxygen into the tissues.
White blood cells: Infection fightersWhite blood cells: Infection fighters
• White blood cells play a major role in protecting your body from foreign substances and from microscopic organisms that cause disease.
• They make up only one percent of the total volume of your blood.
White Blood Cells
Blood clottingBlood clotting
• Your blood contains small cell fragments called platelets, which help blood clot after an injury.
• Platelets help link together a sticky network of protein fibers called fibrin, which forms a web over the wound that traps escaping blood cells.
• Platelets are produced from cells in bone marrow and have a short life span.
• They are removed from the blood by the spleen and liver after only about one week.
Wood splinter
PlateletsWhite blood cells
Platelets
Red blood cells
Fibrin
Blood clottingBlood clotting
ABO Blood GroupsABO Blood Groups
• Whenever blood is transfused from one person to another, it is important to know to which blood group each person belongs.
• Sometimes, the term blood type is used to describe the blood group to which a person belongs.
• Antigens are substances that stimulate an immune response in the body.
• The letters A and B stand for the types of blood surface antigens found on human red blood cells.
Blood surface antigens determine blood groupBlood surface antigens determine blood group
Blood surface antigens determine blood groupBlood surface antigens determine blood group• Blood plasma contains proteins, called antibodies
(AN tih bahd eez), that are shaped to correspond with the different blood surface antigens.
• The antibody in the blood plasma reacts with its matching antigen on red blood cells if they are brought into contact with one another.
• This reaction results in clumped blood cells that can no longer function.
Blood surface antigens determine blood groupBlood surface antigens determine blood group
• For example, if you have type A blood, you have the A antigen on your red blood cells and the anti-B antibody in your plasma.
• If you had anti-A antibodies, they would react with your own type A red blood cells.
• Clumped blood cells cannot carry oxygen or nutrients to body cells.
Blood surface antigens determine blood groupBlood surface antigens determine blood group
Rh factorRh factor
• Another characteristic of red blood cells involves the presence or absence of an antigen called Rh, or Rhesus factor.
• Rh factor is an inherited characteristic.
• People are Rh positive (Rh+) if they have the Rh antigen factor on their red blood cells.
• They are Rh negative (Rh-) if they don’t.
Rh factorRh factor
• Rh factor can cause complications in some pregnancies.
• Mother is exposed to Rh antigens at the birth of her Rh+ baby.
First pregnancy
PlacentaRh+ antigens
Rh factorRh factor
• Mother makes anti-Rh+ antibodies.
• During the mother’s next pregnancy, Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and endanger the fetus.
Anti-Rh+ antibodies
Possible subsequent pregnancies
Rh factorRh factor
• Prevention of this problem is possible. When the Rh+ fetus is 28 weeks old, and again shortly after the Rh+ baby is born, the Rh- mother is given a substance that prevents the production of Rh antibodies in her blood.
• As a result, the next fetus will not be in danger.
Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of CirculationYour Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation
• Arteries are large, thick-walled, muscular, elastic blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
• The blood that they carry is under great pressure.
• As the heart contracts, it pushes blood through the arteries.
Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of CirculationYour Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation
• Blood surges through the arteries in pulses that correspond with the rhythm of the heartbeat.
• After the arteries branch off from the heart, they divide into smaller arteries that in turn divide into even smaller vessels called arterioles.
Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of CirculationYour Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation• Arterioles (ar TEER ee ohlz) enter tissues,
where they branch into the smallest blood vessels, the capillaries.
Artery Capillary
Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of CirculationYour Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation
• Capillaries (KA puh ler eez) are microscopic blood vessels with walls that are only one cell thick.
• Capillaries form a dense network that reaches virtually every cell in the body.
Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of CirculationYour Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation
• Thin capillary walls enable nutrients and gases to diffuse easily between blood cells and surrounding tissue cells.
• As blood leaves the tissues, the capillaries join to form slightly larger vessels called venules.
Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of CirculationYour Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation• The venules merge to form veins, the large
blood vessels that carry blood from the tissues back toward the heart.
Vein Capillary
Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of CirculationYour Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation
• In some veins, especially those in your arms and legs, blood travels uphill against gravity.
• Blood in veins is not under pressure as great as that in the arteries.
• These veins are equipped with valves that prevent blood from flowing backward.
Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of CirculationYour Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation
To heart
Valve open
Vein
Valve closed
Contracted skeletal muscles
Relaxed skeletal muscles
Blood pushed up by muscles below
Click image to view movie.
Your Heart: The Vital PumpYour Heart: The Vital Pump
Your Heart: The Vital PumpYour Heart: The Vital Pump
• The main function of the heart is to keep blood moving constantly throughout the body.
Your Heart: The Vital PumpYour Heart: The Vital Pump
• The two upper chambers of the heart are the atria.
• All mammalian hearts, including yours, have four chambers.
• The two lower chambers are the ventricles.
• The walls of each atrium are thinner and less muscular than those of each ventricle.
Your Heart: The Vital PumpYour Heart: The Vital Pump
• Each atrium pumps blood into the corresponding ventricle.
• The ventricles perform more work than the atria, a factor that helps explain the thickness of their muscles.
• The left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body, so its muscles are thicker than those of the right ventricle, which pumps blood to the lungs.
Blood’s path through the heartBlood’s path through the heart
• Both atria fill up with blood at the same time.
• Blood enters the heart through the atria and leaves it through the ventricles.
• The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the head and body through two large veins called the venae cavae (vee nee ·KAY vee).
Blood’s path through the heartBlood’s path through the heart• The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood
from the lungs through four pulmonary veins.
Inferior vena cava Left lung
Right lung
Capillaries
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava
Aorta
RA
LA
LV
RV
Blood’s path through the heartBlood’s path through the heart• After they have filled with blood, the two
atria then contract, pushing the blood down into the two ventricles.
• After the ventricles have filled with blood, they contract simultaneously.
• When the right ventricle contracts, it pushes the oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle out of the heart and toward the lungs through the pulmonary arteries.
Blood’s path through the heartBlood’s path through the heart• At the same time, the
left ventricle forcefully pushes oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle out of the heart through the aorta to the arteries of the body. The aorta is the largest blood vessel in the body.
Inferior vena cava
Left lung
Right lung
Capillaries
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava
Aorta
RA
LA
LV
RV
Your HeartYour Heart
• Your heart is about 12cm by 8cm-roughly the size of your fist.
• It lies in your chest cavity, just behind the breastbone and between the lungs, and is essentially a large muscle completely under involuntary control.
PericardiumPericardiumSuperior vena cava
Right lung
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Right coronary artery
Cut edge of pericardium
Diaphragm
Left coronary artery
Left lung
Rib (cut)Left ventricle
Left atrium
Pulmonary trunkArch of aorta
Heartbeat regulationHeartbeat regulation• Because the radial artery in the arm and
carotid arteries near the jaw are fairly close to the surface of the body, the surge of blood can be felt as it moves through them.
• This surge of blood through an artery is called a pulse.
Heartbeat regulationHeartbeat regulation
• The heart rate is set by the pacemaker, a bundle of nerve cells located at the top of the right atrium.
• This pacemaker generates an electrical impulse that spreads over both atria.
Sinoatrial node
(Pacemaker)
Atrioventricular node
Heartbeat regulationHeartbeat regulation
• The impulse signals the two atria to contract at almost the same time.
• The impulse also triggers a second set of cells at the base of the right atrium to send the same electrical impulse over the ventricles, causing them to contract.
Heartbeat regulationHeartbeat regulation
Ventricular depolarization
Atrial depolarization
Ventricular repolarization
Vol
tage
(m
V) 1.0-
0.5-
0-
-0.5-
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Seconds
Heartbeat regulationHeartbeat regulation
Click image to view movie.
Blood pressureBlood pressure
• Blood pressure is the force that the blood exerts on the blood vessels.
• Blood pressure rises and falls as the heart contracts and then relaxes.
• Blood pressure rises sharply when the ventricles contract, pushing blood through the arteries.
Blood pressureBlood pressure
• The high pressure is called systolic pressure.
• Blood pressure then drops dramatically as the ventricles relax.
Blood pressureBlood pressure• The lowest pressure occurs just before the
ventricles contract again and is called diastolic pressure.
Blood PressureRubber cuffMercury column
Air control valve
Bulb
Sys
tem
ic b
lood
pre
ssu
re (
mm
Hg)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Aor
ta
Lar
ge
arte
ries
Sm
all
arte
ries
Art
erio
les
Cap
illa
ries
Ven
ule
s
Sm
all v
ein
s
Lar
ge v
ein
s
Ven
a ca
vae
Distance from left ventricle
Systolic pressure
Diastolic pressure
Control of the heartControl of the heart
• A portion of the brain called the medulla oblongata regulates the rate of the pacemaker, speeding or slowing its nerve impulses.
• If the heart beats too fast, sensory cells in arteries near the heart become stretched.
Skull
Cerebrum
Cerebellum Medulla oblongata
Control of the heartControl of the heart
• These cells send a signal to the medulla oblongata, which in turn sends signals that slow the pacemaker.
• If the heart slows down too much, blood pressure in the arteries drops, signaling the medulla oblongata to speed up the pacemaker and increase the heart rate.
What component of blood is responsible for helping your blood clot?
Question 1
D. platelets
C. plasma
B. white blood cells
A. red blood cells
The answer is D.
Why is a person with type O blood considered to be a universal blood donor?
Question 2
Type O blood does not contain any antigens, therefore it does not spark an immune response from the body of a person receiving the blood.
Why are the walls in ventricles thicker and more muscular than the walls in the atria?
Question 3
Superior vena cava
Right lung
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Right coronary artery
Cut edge of pericardium
Diaphragm
Left coronary artery
Left lung
Rib (cut)Left ventricle
Left atrium
Pulmonary trunkArch of aorta
Answer
Section Objectives:
• Describe the structures and functions of the urinary system.
• Explain the kidney’s role in maintaining homeostasis.
• The urinary system is made up of two kidneys, a pair of ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
Kidneys: Structure and Function
• The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes from it, thus maintaining the homeostasis of body fluids.
• Each kidney is connected to a tube called a ureter, which leads to the urinary bladder.
• The urinary bladder is a smooth muscle bag that stores a solution of wastes.
Kidneys: Structure and Function
Aorta
KidneyUreters
Urethra
Urinary bladder
Renal vein
Renal artery
Vena cava
Kidneys: Structure and Function
Click image to view movie.
• Each kidney is made up of about one million tiny filters.
Nephron: The unit of the kidney
• A filter is a device that removes impurities from a solution.
• Each filtering unit of the kidney is called a nephron.
• Blood entering a nephron carries wastes produced by body cells.
Nephron: The unit of the kidneyNephron
Bowman’s capsule
GlomerulusFrom renal artery
Renal artery
To renal vein
Renal vein
Ureter
Tubule
Capillaries
To ureter
• The major waste products of cells are nitrogenous wastes, which come from the breakdown of proteins.
The Urinary System and Homeostasis
• These wastes include ammonia and urea.
• Both compounds are toxic to your body and, therefore, must be removed from the blood regularly.
• In addition to removing these wastes, the kidneys control the level of sodium in blood by removing and reabsorbing sodium ions.
The Urinary System and Homeostasis
• The kidneys also regulate the pH of blood by filtering out hydrogen ions and allowing bicarbonate to be reabsorbed back into the blood.
URINE OUTPUT
Diuretics are substances that increase urine output – diet pills (so you lose water weight), alcohol (inhibits secretion of ADH)
Urine output is regulated by ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) – when the pituitary gland secretes more of this substance, your kidneys retain water so urine output drops. When ADH levels drop, you produce more urine
Where does blood go once it enters the nephron?
Question 1
NephronBowman’s capsule
GlomerulusFrom renal artery
Renal artery
To renal vein
Renal vein
Ureter
Tubule
Capillaries
To ureter
Blood immediately flows into a bed of capillaries called the glomerulus.
Explain why the loss of function in your kidneys is dangerous.
Question 2
The kidneys filter waste products such as ammonia and urea out of the body. They also help control the sodium level in your blood and regulate the pH of blood. Without proper function of your kidneys, these waste products would poison the body.
What happens to liquid as it passes through the U-shaped tubule in the nephron?
Question 3
Most of the ions and water and all of the glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed into the bloodstream.
Blood cell, water, salts, nutrients, urea
Artery
Vein
Urea water
saltsNutrients Water
Salts
Nutrients
Bowman’s capsule
Capillaries
Blood cells, water, salts, nutrients
Tubule
Urine: Urea, excess water, salts
Collecting duct to ureter
• External respiration involves taking in air through the passageways of the respiratory system and exchanging gases in the alveoli of the lungs.
The Respiratory System
• Breathing involves contraction of the diaphragm, the rush of air into the lungs, relaxation of the diaphragm, and air being pushed out of the lungs.
• Breathing is partially controlled by the chemistry of the blood.
The Respiratory System
• Blood is composed of red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other substances through the body.
The Circulatory System
• Blood cell antigens determine blood group and are important in blood transfusions.
• Blood is carried by arteries, veins, and capillaries.
The Circulatory System
• Blood is pushed through the vessels by the heart.
• The nephrons of the kidneys filter wastes from the blood.
The Urinary System
• The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
• The urinary system helps maintain the homeostasis of body fluids.
Question 1
What organ(s) are reddish in color and located just above the waist, behind the stomach?
D. ureters
C. heart
B. lungs
A. kidneys
Aorta
KidneyUreters
Urethra
Urinary bladder
Renal vein
Renal artery
Vena cava
The answer is A, kidneys.
Question 2According to the table, where is blood pressure the highest?
D. in the vena cava
C. in the arteries
B. in the capillaries
A. in the veins Blood Pressure
Sys
tem
ic b
lood
pre
ssu
re (
mm
Hg) 120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Aor
ta
Lar
ge
arte
ries
Sm
all
arte
ries
Art
erio
les
Cap
illa
ries
Ven
ule
s
Sm
all v
ein
s
Lar
ge v
ein
s
Ven
a ca
vae
Distance from left ventricle
Systolic pressure
Diastolic pressure
The answer is C. Blood pressure rises sharply when the ventricles contract, pushing blood through the arteries.
Question 3
What prevents blood from flowing back into the atria?
D. blood pressure
C. capillaries
B. pericardium
A. heart valves
The answer is A. Heart valves are located between the atria and ventricles. They are one-way valves that keep blood from flowing back into the atria.
Question 4
Why is the blood that comes to the alveoli from the body’s cells high in carbon dioxide?
AnswerCellular respiration is the process by which cells use oxygen to break down glucose and release energy. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of that process. It diffuses into the blood and is carried back to the lungs.
Question 5What prevents food from entering the trachea?
D. tonsils
C. the epiglottis
B. teeth
A. the windpipe
The answer is C.
Question 6
How is oxygen carried by the blood?
Answer
Oxygen becomes loosely bound to the hemoglobin in blood cells that have entered the lungs. These cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body’s cells.
Question 7
Which veins carry blood that is rich in oxygen?
D. the atrial veins
C. ventricles
B. the pulmonary veins
A. the venae cavae
The answer is B. Pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry oxygen rich blood.
AortaLeft pulmonary artery (lung)
Capillaries in lungs
Left pulmonary veins (lungs)
HeartSystemic arteries
Systemic veins
Vena cava
Right pulmonary veins (lungs)
Right pulmonary artery (lung)
Photo CreditsPhoto Credits
• ARS/USDA
• Carolina Biological Supply Company
• Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA
• Corbis
• Digital Stock
• Pfizer Inc.
• PhotoDisc
• Skip Comer
• USDA
• Alton Biggs
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