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Systemic Interventions for
Children in Care:
What Works in the Context of
Trauma and what do our Clients
Notice Works?
Dr Leonie White
Psychologist & Family Therapist
A/Team Leader & Mental Health Clinician - Logan Evolve
Therapeutic Service
Evolve Therapeutic Service | Child and Youth Academic Clinical Unit | Addiction and Mental Health Services
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Overview
Some context:
• What is Evolve Therapeutic Services?
• How does Logan Evolve Therapeutic
Services work?
• Does Evolve Therapeutic Services
work?
What works:
• Clients & Treatment Systems
– Collaboration & what gets in the
way
– Everyone’s important
– What’s possible within the parts of
the system?
• What do our clients (child/young
person, carers, other stakeholders
within the treatment system) think is
important?
Social Justice: Justice in terms of
distribution of wealth,
opportunities, and privileges
within a society.
Children and Young People in Out
of Home Care represent one of
the most vulnerable and
disadvantaged groups in Western
Society, including Australia
e.g., Mental Health, Drug &
Alcohol, Physical Health,
Homelessness, Criminality &
Incarceration
(Klag et at., 2016)
“Young people living in out of
home care and adopted comprise
a vulnerable group who are at
increased risk of severe and
entrenched mental health
difficulties”
(Golding, 2010)
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Why this topic?
“Studies point to problems on entering care being
compounded by care experience, leading to a complex
interaction of past and present experiences”
(in Golding, 2010)
Family Therapy/Systemic ideas
to
overcome the complications
felt by everyone
when a Child/Young Person
journeys through the care system
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Why this topic?
If I know what works, I can do more of it!
Theory and Practice of Family Therapy
+
Common Factors
=
Overcoming dilemmas and enhancing practice
BUT
Common Factors give little practical guidance (Fife et al., 2014)
Integrative Approach – 1 Model only doesn’t work…..which part is
working? (Blow, 2012)
Who knows best what is helpful? Researcher, Clinician or Client?
What enables a client to join with us?
What facilitates change (at any level)?
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What is Evolve Therapeutic Services
• Queensland program employing a collaborative,
wrap around model of care
– Government services & NGOS
– Any others involved e.g., Private
Psychologists/Psychiatrists, Foster Care Agencies,
Residential Care Agencies
• Flexible intervention approach, individually
tailored to children and young people in out of
home care….presenting with complex and extreme
behavioural and mental health problems
• Multiple sites across Queensland
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Evolve’s Background
The Evolve Therapeutic Services was developed in response
to:-
• Australian Crime and Misconduct Commission (CMC) Report
(January 2004) – Protecting Children: An Inquiry into the
Abuse of Children in Foster Care.
• Subsequent Blueprint for Implementing the
Recommendations of the January 2004 CMC Report.
– Recommendation 7.5 of the Blueprint outlined that, in working with children in care, there is a need that…
“more therapeutic treatment programs be made available for the children with severe psychological and behavioural
problems.
Successful programs should be identified, implemented and evaluated.”
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Evolve Model of Service Delivery
Child Safety Interagency Therapeutic and Behaviour Support
Services manual Version 3.0 p 12 (2006):
“The children and young people who will be referred to Evolve
will have extreme and complex needs and require
sophisticated human service responses from multiple
agencies.
In such circumstances these agencies will have to work
together to ensure information is used effectively in the
interests of the child or young person”.
“The increased risk of a range of health and education difficulties has focused
attention on the importance of mental health, education and social care
services working closely together at all levels” (in Golding, 2010).
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Impact of Child Abuse & Neglect, Attachment
disruption and Multiple Placements – Our
Clients
Relationships & SocialisationAttachments
Friendships
Disconnected/overly involved
Emotion regulationMood swings
Extreme responses
Self-ConceptKnowledge of self & abilities
Biology & DevelopmentGrowth, Disabilities, Speech
Behaviours
Aggression, Self Harm, Sexualised Behaviour
Compliance, resistance to change, avoidance
Cognition
Irrational beliefs, mistrust
Learning & problem solving
Dissociation
Concentration & memory
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Hutton, J & Knapp, K. (2005).
Lost in Normality. Twigseeds Publishing: Publishing.
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Model of Service Delivery: Key Frameworks
& Clinician’s Work
• Frameworks
– Systemic
– Attachment
– Child Development
– Trauma (including Neurobiology)
– Grief and Loss
• Clinician’s Work We Draw From
– Bruce Perry (neurobiology of trauma)
– Kim Golding (therapeutic needs of children in care and carers)
– Dan Hughes (PACE & DDP)
– Dan Seigel
– Dave Zeigler
– Babette Rothschild (trauma stabilization)
“..an ethic of
hospitality
towards all
therapy
discourses and
the following best
practice
guideline.”
(Larner, G.,
2003:211)
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Holding the Child in Mind
– Creating
Therapeutic
Networks
Kim Golding 2007Collaborative Practice Model
Social Care
Health
Child
Families
Communities
Professionals
School
Legal
Voluntary Leisure
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Does Evolve Work?
Klag, S., Fox, T., Martin, G., Eadie, K., Bergh, W.,
Keegan, F., Turner, D. & Raeburn, N. (2016).
Evolve Therapeutic Services: A 5-year outcome
study of children and young people in our-of-
home-care with complex and extreme behavioural
and mental health problems. Children and Youth
Services Review, 69, 268 – 274.
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Does Evolve Work?
Findings provided evidence for:
• Effectiveness of interventions
• Significant improvements across a range of
problem areas
– Functioning
– Adjustment
– Behavioral difficulties
– Emotional difficulties
– Relational difficulties
Statistically Significant
proportion of Children and
Young People moved from
the clinical to non-
clinical range on both the
CGAS and 11 of 13
HoNOSCA items.
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Clients and Treatment Systems
• Collaboration & what gets in the way
• Everyone’s important
• What’s possible within the parts of the system?
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Collaboration and What gets in the way
• Colllaboration: A highly intensity, high
commitment relationship between two or
more parties that results in the
production of “something joined and
new”
• Interagency Collaboration:
– A challenging, highly intense process
– Potential to more effectively address
problems of families with multiple
and complex issues, as well as
complex, intractable problems
ARACY, 2009 in AFRC Briefing, 2011
“Meeting a range
of difficulties that
can occur
concurrently is
helped when
services are
coordinated,
with
multidisciplinary
training to
facilitate effective
joint working”
(Ward et al.,
2002)
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…And yet…
• Whilst it has been recognised for some time that multi agency
work and better communication improve outcomes for
children in care ….
• “This means bringing together different professional
cultures, languages, roles and responsibilities, often against a
backdrop of historical difficulties between those agencies”
(Golding, 2010: 528)
• ….multiagency work “often results in splits, divisions,
rivalries and paradoxically, a failure to communicate and
conflicting decision between services for vulnerable children,
sometimes with devastating consequences
Conway, 2009; Golding, 2010
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A little bit of Theory: Impact of Trauma on the
System(Emanuel, 2002; Gleeson & Fairall, 2007; Conway, 2009; Perry, 2003;
Figley, 1995)
Impact on the Client:
Child/Adult, Couple, Family
Impact on the
Therapist
Impact on the
Treatment System
Vicarious Trauma
Compassion Fatigue
Cost of Caring
First: Deprivation inflicted by external
circumstances and is out of the child’s control
Second: ‘Crippling defenses’ prevent use of
support (e.g., foster parents or therapists)
Third: “profoundly disturbing primitive
mechanisms and defences against anxiety” get
“re-enacted” in the system by professionals who
are “recipients of powerful projections”
External world – disintegrated
Internal world – in fragments
Cannot communicate experiences
straightforwardly (circularity of this)
Unspoken experiences communicated in
disturbing ways (splitting, projection, fault lines)
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System: functional ……and not
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Care Coordinator & Team Leader
Child Safety Officer
School teachers
Evolve
Police
Foster Carer/Youth
Workers
CHILD OR YOUNG PERSON
School Principal
A “Typical” Stakeholder Group:
Relationships we would like…
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Care Coordinator & Team Leader
Child Safety Officer
School teachers
Evolve
Police
Foster Carer
CHILD OR YOUNG PERSON
School Principal
If we are realistic – this is what can actually happen!
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Anxiety in the System
…..can invite decision making based on anxiety
and reactivity
(Contagious and rapidly spreading!)
It can invite us
to become
rigid and fixed
on only one
solution
It can invite
us to
withdraw and
give up
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Anxiety can invite unhelpful and inaccurate
polarisation and characterisation
• Child = “permanently damaged”
• Birth parents = “bad abusive parents”
• Foster parents = “rescuers” OR “abusive”
• Child safety = “damaging”, “money-focused”, “don’t care about the child”
• Therapist = “unhelpful”, “taking sides”
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Who is the IP?
Child
Foster MotherChild Safety
Birth MotherSupport Service
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Who is the IP?
Child
Foster MotherChild Safety
Birth MotherSupport Service
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Who is the IP?
Child
Foster MotherChild Safety
Birth MotherSupport Service
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Who is the IP?
Child
Foster MotherChild Safety
Birth MotherSupport Service
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Who is the IP?
Child
Foster MotherChild Safety
Birth MotherSupport Service
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Everyone is important – Family/Carers
Child/Young
Person
(see
ReMoved
movie)
Parents
Kinship
Carers
Foster
Carers
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A Parent’s experience (some parts)
• Anger and resentment, “fighting the system”
• Grief and Loss
• Guilt and Shame
• Managing own mental health, substance use
issues
• Experiencing domestic violence
• Feeling judged, scrutinized, evaluated
• Standing “alone” in meetings full of professionals
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A Foster/Kinship Carer’s experience (some
parts)
• A Poem https://vimeo.com/151388947 (3:42)
• Feeling judged, scrutinized, evaluated
• Grief and loss, guilt and shame
• Scared of loving the child knowing you may not keep them
• Feeling powerless
– E.g., contact decisions, reunification
– E.g., parenting strategies that worked with previous children not
working
• Over or Under serviced (time poor!)
• Juggling transport (e.g., school, contact, appointments) &
inconvenient appointment times/locations & waiting times
• Financially stressed
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Everyone is important - Systems
Child/Young
Person
Child
Safety
Service
Centre
Residential
Care
Education
Placement
services
Unit
Foster Care
Support
Agency
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What do others experience (some parts)?
• Child Safety Officer/Placement Services Unit
– E.g., Conflict with other parts of Child Safety
– E.g., Stressed system ($, case load, death/abuse of children, available
placements, placement matching)
– E.g., Finds out a child in care is abused by carers
• Teacher
– E.g., Unable to teach the class
– E.g., Unable to keep other students safe
– E.g., Caring but not knowing what to do
• Residential Carer
– E.g., Assaulted by the young person
– E.g., Witnessing self harm
– E.g., Young person not admitted to hospital
• Foster Care Support Agency
– E.g., Pressured to find more placements for children
Training,
supervision
and
support?
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Everyone is important – Other Systems
Child/Young
Person
Hospital
Police
Youth
Justice
Ambulance
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What’s Possible?
“The best way out is always through”.
Robert Frost
(1874-1963)
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Maintaining An Ethic of Hospitality
(… to change the “Dance”)
• Psychoeducation
– E.g., diagnosis; impact of trauma, removal, and multiple placements;
neurobiology and plasticity, felt safety
– Reframes
– Reduces anxiety Responding Vs reacting
• Skills Training (Child/Young Person)
– E.g., Trauma Stabilization; mindfulness; distress tolerance (DBT)
• Skills Training (Parents/Carers/Schools)
– E.g., PACE (Daniel Hughes); Behaviour Management for traumatized kids
• Mentalization
– Child/Young Person; Carer (so the can mentalise the child), Treatment
System
My client taught
me the
mindfulness
activity
I know what to do
to get her to
school
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Considering Bowen and McGoldrick
• Assessment
– E.g., Genograms and Timelines
• Genogram Work
– E.g., Family structure
• Foster, kin, residential, blended etc
– E.g., Family life cycle (FLC)
• Launched prematurely?
• Tasks of adolescence (e.g., identify)
• FLC stage of carers?
– E.g., Triangulation (in the family/care family and the treatment system)
– E.g., Genogram of Carers – reasons for becoming a carer; family
stories, values and beliefs about children and parenting
• Map the Treatment System (& use relationship lines)
– Understand & plan interventions e.g., triangulation, balance
– “Contain the system to contain the child”
You asked me
my story
…instead of
finding out about
me on paper
You considered the
whole family
When you said you
didn’t have it figured
out….
My FOO
lead to my
parenting
lens
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Being Strategic
• Rules of the game
– Working with constraints and finding “wiggle room”
– Understand the “rules” of different systems & help others understand
• Promotes empathy and compassion
• Being effective Vs being “right”
• Positioning
– 1 up or 1 down; or both…..
• Individual and Conjoint Sessions
– ….for the Treatment System
• Timing and Staging
– E.g., Play therapy & Carer providing updates Carer Sessions
Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy/Family Therapy
• Manouverability
– What’s possible? With whom? At what stage of intervention?
– Where to “land the helicopter”?
Seeing the
success with
returning to
school makes me
want to find out
more about this
I didn’t
know I
could ask
for that
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With
thanks to
Jacqueline
Readette
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Police
Child
Private/
NGO
Carer
Teacher
Bio
Family
CSO
Positioning: Maximum Manoeuvrability Evolve
Evolve
Evolve
Evolve
Evolve
Does it matter
where you
intervene?
Circularity
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Using Structural Family Therapy Ideas
• Roles and boundaries
– Role clarity and shared understanding
– Contracting … “anywhere, anytime and often”
– Overfunctioning/Underfunctioning
• Hierarchy and Power
– E.g., In the home – family, foster family , residential family
– E.g., In the treatment system
– Invoking your hierarchy…and/or the hierarchy of others
• Consider the Family Structure
– E.g., Foster Family
– E.g., Kinship carers (Aunts, Grandparents)
– E.g., Residential Settings
– E.g., Blended e.g., Step-Grandparent Kinship Carer
Well that
makes
sense
now
..I can’t be
her mum
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Going Postmodern
• Narrative Therapy
– Developing alternate storylines
• E.g., Absent but Implicit
• E.g., Responses to Trauma
• E.g., Reauthoring – survivor, courage to persist, fighting to regain life
– Externalizing to mobilize a different (and united) response
• The person is not the problem!!!!!!
• With individual clients
• With the client’s carers
– Working with trauma safety
• Solution Focused Therapy
– Goal setting
– Exceptions
– Moving forward when the past is too much to think about
– Working with visitors……who have visited a lot of different therapists!!!!
Yeah I guess
that does take
courage – I
hadn’t thought
of it that way
before
Client: This is a weird
conversation..
Therapist: Is that
okay?
Client: Yes I like it
I kept every single
letter you every wrote
me….
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Common Factors and Beyond
Fife, S., Whiting, J., Bradford, K., & Davis, S.
(2014). The therapeutic pyramid: A common
factors synthesis of techniques, alliance and way
of being. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy,
40(1), 20 -33.
• A meta-model
– Describes the relationship between 2 common
factors (therapeutic alliance + interventions)
– Proposes a new factor – therapist’s way of being
– foundational for effective therapy
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Skills
&
Technique
Therapeutic
Alliance
Way of Being
The Therapeutic
Pyramid
Fife et al., (2014)
You took the time to
see me as a person
You came back
You got it half wrong
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What I’ve learned (theory + experience):
A therapists’ job is to survive & be thoughtful
Hutton, J & Knapp, K. (2005). Lost in Normality: Recapture the Extraordinary. Twigseeds Publishing: Paddington.
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What I’ve learned (theory + experience):
The goal is the process
Hutton, J & Knapp, K. (2005). Lost in Normality: Recapture the Extraordinary. Twigseeds Publishing: Paddington.
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Thank-you for listening.
Comments? Reflections?
Questions?
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References
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communication in the care system. Adoption and Fostering, 33(1), 18 – 29.
Emanuel, L. (2002). Deprivation X 3: The contribution of organizational dynamics to the ‘triple deprivation’
of looked-after children. Journal of Child Psychotherapy, 28(2), 163 – 179.
Figley, C. (1995). Compassion Fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who
treat the traumatied. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Fife, S., Whiting, J., Bradford, K., & Davis, S. (2014). The therapeutic pyramid: A common factors
synthesis of techniques, alliance and way of being. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 40(1), 20 -33.
Gleeson, A. & Fairall, C. (2007). Delinquency in the mid of an organization. Group Analysis, 40(4), 538 –
550.
Klag, S., Fox, T., Martin, G., Eadie, K., Bergh, W., Keegan, F., Turner, D. & Raeburn, N. (2016). Evolve
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Larner, G. (2003). Integrating family therapy in child and adolescent mental health practice: An ethic of
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