Download - Syntactical Elements
SYNTACTICAL ELEMENTS
SYNTAX
The study of how words combine to make sentences.
The organization of words in sentences: the ordering of and relationship between the words and other structural elements in phrases and sentences
SYNTACTICAL ELEMENTS
PHRASESCLAUSESSENTENCES
PHRASE
Refers to a group of words which does not have a subject and a predicate but functions in a sentence as one part of speech
KINDS OF PHRASES
Prepositional Phrase
Participial Phrase
Gerund Phrase
Infinitive Phrase
Kinds of Phrases
Prepositional Phrase- a group of words made up of a
preposition and a noun or pronoun called the object of the preposition
Examples:in the shopover the counter
Kinds of Phrases
Participial Phrase- a group of words acting as an
adjective and modifying a noun or pronoun - a participle is the –ed or the –ing
form of a verb
Example:
broken partsmachining operationreported incidents
Kinds of Phrases
Gerund Phrases- Gerund is a single word with –ing
used as a noun.- functions as a modifier or
complement as a gerund phraseExample:
Instructing technicians properly Making decisions in a job
Kinds of Phrases
Infinitive Phrases- consists of an infinitive and any
modifiers or complements associated with it.- act as adjectives, adverbs, and nounsExamples:
to work on a projectto layout a planto present reports
Main Classification of Phrases Nouns Phrases
- a phrase whose head is noun
Example: All graduates of TUP Visayas had
undergone training in various industries. Verb Phrases
- a phrase whose head is a verb
Example:The foreman instructs a number of
mechanical trainees.
Main Classification of Phrases Adjectival Phrase
- a phrase with adjectives as head
ExampleA box full of tools were provided to
the trainees. The box is full of tools.
Main Classification of Phrases Adverbial Phrases
- a linguistic term for a phrase with an adverb as a head. Example:
The supervisor modestly introduced the president of the company.
CLAUSE
A group of words consisting of a subject and a predicate, although, in non-infinite clauses, the subject is often not explicitly given.
It can either be a whole sentence or in effect a sentence within a sentence
KINDS
Independent Clause- can stand by itself as a grammatically viable simple sentence. Example:
The supervisor directs his foreman, who function as his eyes and ears in the job.
KINDS
Dependent Clause- aka Subordinate Clause
- cannot stand alone as a sentence- begins with a subordinating conjuction- does not express a complete idea. Example:
His tools were made of hardened alloys that gave me confidence in my shop work.
Classification
Adjectival Clause Introduced by an adjective Example:
I kept the hammer, which I borrowed from the stock room officer.
Adverbial Clause Introduced by an adverb Example:
I worked overtime when my quota had to be met.
SENTENCE
A word or group of words that present a complete idea and contains a subject and a predicate
Kinds of Sentence According to Function Declarative Sentences Interrogative Sentences Imperative Sentences Exclamatory Sentences
Kinds of Sentences (Structure) Simple Sentence
Operating the lathe machine is quite difficult. Compound Sentence
Doing new assignment is challenging but it must be performed.
Complex Sentence Whether he likes it or not, the recruit must
carry on the work. Compound-complex Sentence
If the evaluation team comes, we are prepared and we are ready.
Basic Sentence Patterns
S + IV (Adverb) S + LV + SC S + TV + DO S + TV + IO + DO S + TV + DO + OC
VOICE
Indicates whether the subject of the sentence is the doer or the receiver of the action
Kinds of Voice Active Voice ( Subject is the doer)
The lineman lectures Safety First to the interns. Passive Voice (Subject is the receiver)
The students were lectured by the linesman on Safety First.