Download - Sustainable Fisheries M anagement for Improved L ivelihoods of the Coastal F ishing C ommunity
Sustainable Fisheries Management for Improved Livelihoods of the Coastal Fishing Community
Outline
• Introduction• Meaning of Sustainability• Collaboration under the sustainable development• Directions for achieving environmental success• Project Partners• Stakeholder Involvement• Does change in rural area matter?• Drivers of Change• Analyzing The Drivers• Providing Financial Services to the Poor: Challenges of Micro Finance• Information Asymmetry • Maximize Impact of Micro Finance• Range of Micro Financial Services• Project Outcome• What are protected areas• Issues to consider in MPAs• Effectiveness of MPA• Fisheries resources management tools • State of Resources• Making the MPA Operational• The Goals• The Threats
Introduction
• International trade in fish and fisheries products is a major contributory factor to this excessive fishing pressure and over-exploitation.
• The fishing sector vital for social stability and the survival of the local populations, is threatened by:
• Destructive, unsustainable fishing methods and practices• Excessive by-catches of non-target organisms; including
endangered and protected species and wasteful discards.
Meanings of Sustainability
• Delivering Sustainable Development a strategy, which has four main objectives:
• Social progress which reinforces the needs of everyone
• Effective protection of the environment • The prudent use of natural resources, and • The maintenance of high levels of economic
growth and employment
Collaboration Under Sustainable Development
• Help to solve issues of naturally depleting resources
• Help to resolve cultural issues• Maintain Biodiversity and achieve local
empowerment through stakeholder involvement, working together and collaboration
• Eco-tourism as an opportunity
Directions for Achieving Environmental Success
• Address the needs of the local people in regards to conservation and development, including tourism
• Locals should actively be involved as stakeholders in the protection of the environment
• Tourism should not increase pressure on local resources (I.e.: use alternative energy sources)
• Adequately dispose of human waste and other garbage.
Project Partners – IUCN ROWA
• IUCN-ROWA, as an applicant, will be the lead agency responsible for the overall Project planning, implementation and management
• IUCN will be responsible for innovative capacity building and training on sustainable fisheries management, bringing in its global expertise and experience, technical advice on biodiversity/ecosystem/fisheries issues (including the Marine Officer at IUCN ROWA and the IUCN Global Marine Programme), national/international communications etc.
Project Partners – ADR
• ADR will be responsible for the field actions implemented under the project (thus with all resources allocated to that being managed locally by ADR. This will include the community mobilization and facilitation the communication between the relevant stakeholders, involvement of local community in the implementation of the project, especially women, and lead the management of the revolving fund.
• To do so, IUCN will sign a partnership agreement with ADR spelling out all activities, required resources and the method of disbursement (installment made based on plans and progress and financial reporting). ADR will be responsible for timely planning, implementation and management of all resources allocated to through the partnership Agreement and is to report all to IUCN and Drosos..
Stakeholder Involvement
• Lebanese Government, Governorate of South Lebanon, Tyre Municipality
• Ministry of Environment, Dept of Ecosystem and Protected Areas
• Ministry of Agriculture, Dept of Fisheries
• Ministry of Transport and Public Works
• Council of Development and Reconstruction (CDR)
• Ministry of Defense, Lebanese Navy, Lebanese Army Intelligence
• Ministry of Interior and Municipalities, Coast Guard Directorate
• Fishermen Syndicate of Tyre• Tyre Coast Nature Reserve TCNR
• Research Institute CNRS• Regional Universities • Local Communities / Culture• Fish Markets / Restaurants• Natural Resource Organizations• Tourism Operators (eco-tourism)• Tourists• Fishing Syndicate and
Cooperative of Naqoura and Sarafand.
Does Change in Rural Areas Matter?
Surveys demonstrate tensions in public attitude
• People find it difficult to see what might be the balance between conservation and development, even in next few years
• Decision/policy makers views differ from those of public at large e.g. public think conservation more important than improving the farming industry
• People are anxious to conserve the countryside but don’t always express concern about development there
Drivers of change?
• Climate Change – increasingly important• Population – numbers and types of people and
households• Lifestyles • Technology• Global politics….• Economics and world trade
Analysing the Drivers
Governance and planningFisheries (agriculture) policy and supportEnvironmental legislation and strategiesHousing and wider development policyTransport provision/policy and other infrastructureEnergy policy
DemographyMigration trends and population characteristics
Societal values and behaviourLife style choicesLeisure activitiesLand ownership
Economic and market trendsAgricultural / Fisheries economySkills base
TechnologyAgricultural / Fisheries technologyICTEnergy
Environmental changeClimate changeEnergy sources
Providing Financial Services to the Poor: Challenges of Micro Finance
• Risk management challenges due to information asymmetry problems
• Accessibility (geographic accessibility and easiness to deal with)
• No collateral, Low value and cash intensive nature of the business
• Staff training and motivation
High transaction costs
Information Asymmetry
Decision to take loan Loan usage Loan repayment
Adverse selection
Moral hazard
The Adverse selection: incomplete information problem (before the loan)Fishermen profile has to be reviewed by the steering committee and approved based on panel criteria. Only active fishermen will benefit from micro-credit
The Moral hazard: hidden action problem (after loan)Fishermen have to commit to fill up and submit the data collection sheets on weekly basis, linking the micro-credit to the conservation efforts.
Maximize Impact of Micro Finance
VulnerabilityNeed for More than credit
Differences amongFishermen
Need for customizedpackages
Understand what programmes work the bestand for whom
Range of Micro Financial Services
• Individual lending• Insurance• Health insurance• Livestock insurance• Weather insurance• Commodity price derivatives• Savings and investments products• Remittances
Project Outcome
MPA / Sustainability
Project Partners
International organizations
Science / Universities
Beneficiaries /Stakeholders
Regulators/policymakers
What are Protected Areas?
According to the UNEP, a protected area is defined as:An area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity and of natural and associated cultural resources, managed through legal or other effective means
A Marine Protected Area is defined as:Any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by governmental, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein.
Issues to Consider for MPAs
Primary conservation goal • Natural Heritage • Cultural Heritage • Sustainable Production
Level of Protection • No Access • No Impact • No Take • Zoned With No-Take Areas • Zoned Multiple Use • Uniform Multiple Use
Permanence of Protection • Permanent • Conditional • Temporary
Constancy of Protection • Year-Round • Seasonal
Scale of Protection • Ecosystem • Focal Resource
Allowed Extractive Activities • Commercial Fishing • Recreational Fishing • Subsistence Hunting/Fishing • Scientific/Educational
Collecting • Mineral/Energy Extraction • Other
Effectiveness of MPAs
Most assessments of the effectiveness of MPAs have revolved around assessing in increases in fish stocks/ fisheries
Assessment of the socioeconomic effects of sanctuaries has not been evaluated to such an extent, but are nonetheless important indicators of effectiveness:
– increasing recreation/ tourism– increasing community and public awareness of marine conservation– community “buy in” to, and support of, the marine protected area
Other issues can also be examined – frequency and occurrence of damaging activities (e.g. blast fishing/ jet skis etc)
In general, all sanctuaries show improvements, or maintenance of, ecological variables over time
- especially in contract to adjacent non-sanctuary areas which showed maintenance of the status quo or declines over the same periods.
One of the most critical factors with respect to sanctuaries is ENFORCEMENT of regulations As resources allocated to enforcement are often minimal, “buy in” and support from the local community (i.e. voluntary regulation) is essential for most MPAs
Fisheries Resources Management Tools
• Limitation on amounts of fish landed (quotas)• Limitation on gear usage (type and nature of
gear)• Limitation on total effort deployed (effort =
number of vessels x fishing days)• These Tools are deployed in order to attempt
to keep the fisheries stocks above a safe biological level.
State of the Resources
• Adoption of new fishing strategies• Significant reduction in mean individual sizes
of landed species• Recent Marine Survey indicates a serious over-
exploitation• Stagnation or reduction in landings per type of
fishing in spite of the increasing level of fishing effort
Making the MPA Operational
High Level Policy Goals(Economic, Social, Environmental)
Broad Objective Relevant to the Fishery
Priority Issues
Operational Objectives
Indicators and Reference Points
Decision Rules
Review and Performance Evaluation
SUBSISTENCEFISHERY
DEMERSALFISHERY
ECO-TOURISMSECTOR
PROTECTIONBIO-
DIVERSITY
PROTECTIONCRITICALHABITATS
SEA BIRDCONSER-VATION
TUNAFISHERY
RECREAT-IONAL
FISHERYSMALL
PELAGICFISHERY
The Goals: Feasible, Reconciled Objectives for all Stakeholders
Threats to Implementing Sustainable Fisheries Management
• Mismatch between expectations and resources.• Reconciling much expanded set of conflicting
objectives.• Insufficient or inadequate participation by
stakeholders.• Insufficient knowledge.• Equity issues.• Etc.