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Summarizing the metabolic diseases as a main influence on
reproductive failure
Paola AmodeoRegional Breeders Association of LombardyCrema– ItalyS.A.T.A. Bovine Nutrition [email protected]
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 2
Can genetical selection of dams & sires stop the fertility downbound
trend?
It can help but it is surely not the main drive
Management and nutrition have still a lot to do and say about it
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 3
Strong milk producers have worse fertility?
It is all a management challenge
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 4
Why should we care?D
ays
in m
ilk
More costs:Dead cows and urgent cullings Better culling value,
voluntary culling
Da
ysin
milk
More costs:Dead cows and urgent cullings Better culling value,
voluntary culling
Post partum involuntary culling(even more expensive for first calving cows)
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 5
Why should we care?
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 6
Transition cow metabolic diseases lead to reproductive failure
We must search for the causes of such diseases and losses Cow comfort (housing, space, grouping) Environmental (heat stress) Nutritional : mainly related to NEB in
the transition period Seems to be a very important area
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 7
Dairy Cow Transition
We are not dealing with macroscopic and gross nutrition mistakes on animal requirements or on macro and micro mineral umpairing as it used to be
Now the problem is more subtle and maybe more sneaky
At the moment it is the main area on which all researchers and nutritionists are concentrating their efforts
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 8
Strong physiological changes from dry cow (pregnancy) to lactation
Suppression of appetite
Immune system Suppression
Higher risk for fatty liver, DA, RP, Ketosis and milk fever + masitis and metritis (infectuous)
Fertility culling risk
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 9
Main Goal: Control fat mobilization through the transition period to decrease DMI
depression and immune suppression from high non esterified fatty acids
(NEFA)
Latest theory of feed intake control to formulate diets for transition cows
(M.S.Allen and B.J. Bradford – Michigan
State University)
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 10
Hepatic Oxidation Theory (HOT)Food intake is controlled by fuels
oxidation in the liver through a system of connections to the
hepatic vagus nerve
Firing rate of the nerve determined by liver oxidation of fuels wich produces ATP: Higher firing rate= hunger Lower firing rate= satiety Higher ATP= more oxidation=lower firing
rate=satietyWe still do not know how ATP concentration
influences firing rate of hepatic vagus nerve
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 11
Fuels for oxidation in ruminants are:
Fatty acids (from diet and/or body reserves)
Propionate (by microbial fermentation)
Lactate (by muscles and gut tissues from glucose)
Amino acids (from protein degradation)
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 12
…Fatty acids…
NEFA from body fat mobilization (readily oxidized) suppress DMI in the transition period
Fat mobilization is affected by plasma insulin concentration High insulin = fat synthetis Low insulin = fat mobilization
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 13
But plasma Insulin decreases by 50% in the pre calving weeks
Lower insulin=more fat mobilization= higer NEFA
Moreover we have a decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin (insulin resistance )
Lower glucose utilization (which remains
constant despite declining of feed intake) so use of NEFA by muscles increases
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 14
…At calving..
Plasma glucose concentration drops dramatically at calving
Plasma insulin and insulin tissue sensitivity remain low
Plasma NEFA concentration remain high for several weeks Ketones in plasma
DMI decreases Risk of fatty liver no new glucose production No insuling produced in the pancreas
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 15
Mechanism of intake regulation according to the hepathic oxidation theory
Allen et al 2009
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 16
NEFA and transition diseases risk
High NEFA in the 2 weeks before calving is associated with
2 to 4 times increased risk of LDA (Cameron et al, 1998; LeBlanc et al, 2005; Opsina et al, 2010)
1.8 times increased risk of retained placenta (RP) (LeBlanc et al 2004)
2 times increased of culling before 60 days in milk (DIM) and 1.5 times increased risk of culling over the whole lactation (Duffield et al, 2005)
Reduced milk yield (Carson, 2008; Opsina et al, 2010)
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 17
BHBA and Transition diseases
Subclinical ketosis (BHBA > 1200 – 1400 mol/L) in early lactation is associated with
3 to 8 times increased risk of LDA (Duffield, 1997; Geishauser et al, 2000b; LeBlanc et al 2005)
Decreased probability of pregnancy at first AI (Walsh et al, 2008)
Decreased milk production (Duffield, 2009)
Increased duration and severity of mastitis (Suriyasathaporn, 2000
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 18
Suggested herd goals for NEFA and Ketons
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 19
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 20
AVOID NEB! (Negative Energy Balance)
It suppresses immune function It promotes metabolic disorders It potentially explaines the relationship
between infectious and non infectuous transition disorders
Important role of inflammation response in infectuous diseases as well as metabolic disorders (B.Bradford-Kansas State University)
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 21
Inflammation Responsefrom infectuous disorders
Activated immune cells release of nitric oxide, prostaglandins and citokines
Citokines stimulate systemic inflammatory responses (>Temp,<DMI)
Citokines activate production of acute phase proteins (haptoglobin and serum Amyloid A by the liver
•Mammary and uterin infections Local and systemic inflammation
•Coliform MastitisEndotoxines, cytokines
and acute phase proteins•Metritis
High plasma haptoglobin prior to clinical signs of metritis
These non specific inflammatory responses promote development of metabolic disorders by decrease in DMI
and unpair metabolic functions
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 22
Inflammation-based pathogenesis of transition cows disorders
Wide evidence of link between inflammation and transition disorders, unpaired repro efficiency, lower plasma calcium concentrations
Metabolic Disorders derive also from inflammation caused by Infections (se above) Oxidative stress (lipids meet ROS (reactive oxigen
species) and produce lipid peroxides Endotoxins from the gut (sub acute ruminal acidosis?
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 23
Consequences of such inflammation
Disruption of normal metabolism Induction of metabolic diseases Suppression of immune function
by oxidative stress which damages lipids, proteins and DNA of immune cells
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 24
…in summary….
A combination of insults including infection, chronic inflammation in obese cows an lipid peroxide formation promotes systemic inflammation during transition
Inflammation impairs immune function making cows more susceptible to infectuous disorders and to metabolic disorders
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 25
…what can we do?
Antioxidants: Vit E and Selenium Contribute to ROS neutralization (both) Decrease production of inflammatory
cytokines (only Vit E) Effects on immune function (only Vit E) Raccomended doses
VIT E = 1500 UI/d in close-up cows Organic Selenium (if deficient) 0,3 ppm/d
(FDA limit)
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 26
…what can we do?
Antioxidant Beta Carotene Its concentration dicreases during
transition Recommended dose 600mg/d Can replace Vit A in transition
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 27
…what can we do?
Metabolic modifiers: PPAR Agonists of peroxisome receptors Decrease Plasma NEFA concentration Promote fatty acid oxidation in liver Limit triglyceride accumulation and
production of lipid peroxides
NOT APPROVED!
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 28
…what can we do?
Choline Limits peroxides formation by
decreasing plasma NEFA and clearing triglycerides from the liver
In the rumen protected form it may contribute to immune functions
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 29
…what can we do?
Anti inflammatory agents: NSAIDs (non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs)
Prevention of hypoglicemia Effective at reducing body temperature Do not consistently improve recovery from
infections Better activity against metabolic disorders Aspirin: lower production of haptoglobine
Future research needed
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 30
Nutritional strategies for Transition cows
Late lactation and far off Dry Cows
Limit mobilization of body fat by controlling BCS during late lactation
Feed high NDF, low energy in dry cows
Feed low concentration of high fermentable starch in dry cows
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 31
Nutritional strategies for Transition cows
Close-up
Feed high fill, moderate energy diets in close-up cows (Drackley, Overton) control energy intake reduce fat depots sustain plasma glucose through calving increase amount of ruminal digesta
which dicreases risk of DAs increase bufferuing capacity (acidosis) increase acetate production, dicreases
propionate production
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 32
Nutritional strategies for Transition cows
Close-up
Correct choice of forages Low potassium content if grasses Not too high NDF fermentability Wheat straw has a slow rumen passage and
slows down diet passage rate (mat) also increasing digesta retention
FATs: should not be fed Can depress feed intake and increase fat
oxidationException: Ω3???? Perhaps antiinflammatory
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 33
Overall goals for energy intake of both far-off and close-up cows
Far off cows (dry off until ~ 3 weeks precalving ~18 Mcal of NEL per day
Close-up cows (last 3 weeks before calving) ~19 Mcal of NEL per day
Vary energy density of diets based upon group DMI If energy intake low, increasing energy density may help If energy intake too high, bulk up the diet to control
energy intake
The ONLY way to minimize management/facility-induced variation in feed intake among cows is to ensure that the group is FULLY FED
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 34
Drakley’s guidelines for dry cow diets2006
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 35
Drakley’s guidelines for closee-up cow diets2006
Low K only Full anionic
NEL, Mcal/lb 0.66 to 0.68 NEL, Mcal/kg 1.45 to 1.50 Metabolizable protein, g/d 1100 to 1200 NFC, % 30 to 34 Starch, % 17 to 20 Dietary Ca, g/d 100 140 Dietary Ca, % 0.90 1.2 Dietary P, % 0.30 to 0.35 Mg, % 0.40 to 0.42 Cl, % 0.3 0.8 to 1.2 K, % < 1.3 < 1.3 Na, % 0.10 to 0.15 S % 0.20 0.3 to 0.4 Added Se, ppm (organic) 0.3 Vitamin A (IU/d) 100000 100000 Vitamin D (IU/d) 30000 30000 Vitamin E (IU/d) 1800 1800 Prefer use of organic trace elements, including organic Se
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 36
Nutritional strategies for Transition cows
Fresh cows (0-14 days post partum)
Avoid highly fermentable starch sources (high propionate production stimulation of oxidation of Acetyl CoA suppress feed intake)
Dry Corn is best (provide glucose precursors and less propionate)
As gut fills begins to dominate feed a less filling and more fermentable diet
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October 25-26 2011 Dott. Paola Amodeo - SATA Bovine Specialist 37
Next problem….
How can we move from theory to practice?
Thanks for the attention