“Stuff” of the Universe
The Raw Materials for Planets, Rocks
and Life
Matter & Energy
Phases of Matter
Solid
Gas
Liquid
Determined by temperature and pressure
Rock
Atomic Particles
Atoms (Elements)
Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds)
Rocks
Earth
Living Things
Biosphere
Atomic StructureWhat are atoms made of?
Particle ChargeWeight (amu)
Proton (p)
+ 1
Electron (e)
- ~0
Neutron (n)
0 1
Atomic Structure
Atomic Number
=Number of
Protons
Importanceof Protons
Elements
Iron
Carbon
Gold
Periodic Table of the Elements
CrustCrust Whole EarthWhole Earth
•Oxygen(O) 46.3 % 29.5%•Silicon (Si) 28.2% 15.2%•Aluminum (Al) 8.2% 1.1%•Iron (Fe) 5.6% 34.6%•Calcium (Ca) 4.1% 1.1%•Sodium (Na) 2.4% 0.6%•Potassium (K) 2.1% 0.1%•Magnesium (Mg) 2.3% 12.7%•All others 0.5% 5.1%
Abundance of the Elements (wt. %):Solid Earth
Abundance of the Elements (wt.%):Living Things
HumanHuman AlfalfaAlfalfa BacteriaBacteria
•Oxygen(O) 62.8% 77.9% 73.7%•Carbon (C) 19.4% 11.3% 12.1%•Hydrogen (H) 9.3% 8.7% 9.9%•Nitrogen (N) 5.1% 0.8% 3.0%•Phosphorous (P) 0.6% 0.7% 0.6%•Sulfur (S) 0.6% 0.1% 0.3%
AtomicWeight
= number of protons + neutrons
Importanceof Neutrons
Isotopes
Importanceof ElectronsAtoms vs. Ions
(atomic weight = 23)
Charge = 0X
Importanceof ElectronsPositive Ions
(atomic weight = 23)
Charge = +1
Sodium Ion
10e
Importanceof ElectronsIons
(atomic weight = 18)
Charge = 0
Chlorine
9e
9p9n
(atomic number = 9)
Importanceof ElectronsNegative Ions
(atomic weight = 18)
Charge = -1
Chlorine Ion
10e
9p9n
(atomic number = 9)