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Structure and Function of Cells
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Learning Outcomes
Explain the cell theory
Explain why cell size is usually very small
Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model of membranes Describe similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Explain the structure and function of the eukaryotic organelles (nucleus, rough & smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts)
Describe the three types of cytoskeletal filaments and associated motor proteins
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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
improved microscope used it to look at everything
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Red Blood Cells
Image from a replica of a Van Leeuwenhoek Microscope
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The Cell Theory
All organisms are composed of cells.
Cells are the fundamental units of life.
All cells come from preexisting cells.
Corollary 1 – All cells contain genetic information.
Corollary 2 -- All cells are capable of an independent existence.
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1. All living things are made of cells (1824).
Dutrochet stated that growth results from both an increase in the volume of cells and from the addition of new cells.
Rene Dutrochet (1776-1847)
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Schleiden (1804-1881)
Schwann (1810-1882)
2. The cell is the basic unit of life (1839).
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"Omnis cellula e cellula"
3. All cells arise from other cells (1858).
Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902)
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Cells are Very Small
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Cells are Very Small
1 – 10 nm 100 nm 1 – 2 µm 10 – 100 µm
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Cells are Very Small
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Cells depend on diffusion for obtaining nutrients and getting rid of waste products
The driving force for diffusion is the random movement of molecules as a result of thermal energy.
Diffusion is the NET movement of atoms or molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Cells are Very Small
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Light Microscopes
Scientists use Microscopes to Study Cells
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Transmission Electron Microscope
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What are the basic components of a cell?
DNA
1) Plasma Membrane
2) Genetic Material
3) Protein Machinery
boundary
blueprint
translates info in DNA into physical parts of the cell (proteins)
The Cell – A Minimalist View
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Biological Membranes are Lipid Bilayers
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Biological Membranes are Lipid Bilayers
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Fluid Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure
Fluid – lipid and protein components are free to diffuse in the plane of the membrane
Mosaic – membrane contains two different types of macromolecules – lipids and proteins
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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in their organization at the subcellular level.
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cytoplasm, with ribosomes
DNA in nucleoid
plasma membrane cell wall
capsule pilus
bacterial flagellum
Prokaryotic Cells
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Ribosomes: Protein Synthesis Machinery
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Eukaryotic Cells Contain Many Organelles
central vacuole
rough ER
smooth ER
Golgi body vesicle
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Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
nuclear pore
nucleolus
nucleoplasm DNA
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Synthesis Sorting Delivery
The Endomembrane System
Proteins needed in the ER, Golgi, lysosomes, or PM, and secreted proteins are synthesized on the RER and then transported through the endomembrane system to their final destination.
Nucleus
Smooth ER Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasma membrane
Transport vesicle
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough and Smooth ER are both networks of membranes – but they have VERY DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS
RER SER
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Rough ER
Synthesis of proteins destined for the plasma membrane, secretion, or lysosomes.
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Smooth ER
Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids, steroids Detoxification of many drugs
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Golgi Apparatus
Proteins enter from the RER
Proteins are sorted to their final destination
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Golgi Apparatus
modifies proteins adds sugars sorts proteins to final destination – lysosomes plasma membrane secretory vesicles
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Digestion of macromolecules
Lysosomes
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Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasma membrane
Transport vesicle
The Endomembrane System
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Vacuoles – plant central vacuole
central vacuole
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Energy Transducers – Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Transduction - transforming energy from one form to another Examples -- One chemical form to another (e.g., glucose ATP) Electrical to chemical Light to chemical
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Mitochondria
inner compartment outer compartment inner membrane outer membrane
Site of cellular respiration
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Chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis
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The Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments Intermediate Filaments Microtubules
Increasing diameter
actin various IF proteins tubulin
Three filament systems
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Intermediate Filaments
Structural components of cells
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Hair is made of keratin, an intermediate filament protein
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Microfilaments & Microtubules
In addition to having roles in maintaining cell structure, these cytoskeletal components also play roles in generating motility.
cytoskel motor motile process (examples)
actin myosin muscle contraction phagocytosis
tubulin dynein kinesin mitosis
cilia and flagella
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Microfilaments
Involved in support and movement
https://youtu.be/0WCWgMqouaI
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Microtubules
Involved in support and movement of components within cells
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Most cells have arrays of actin (blue), microtubules (green), and IFs (red).