Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry:Calculations with Chemical
Formulas and Equations
Stoichiometry
EVIDENCE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION
•A gas is released.•An insoluble substance (called a precipitate) is produced.•A permanent color change is observed.
•Changes in energy. Heat, light, sound, and electrical.
Exothermic reaction: releases heat,light and sound.Endothermic reaction: absorbs heat and light.
•pH change •Odor given off
Stoichiometry
EVIDENCE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION USING YOUR SENSES:
Sight- Change in color, formation of solid, formation of gasses (bubbles), light emission
Hearing- reaction leads to a popping noise, fizzes
Smell- pungent odor, change in smell
Touch- heat absorption and emission
Stoichiometry
Law of Conservation of Mass
“We may lay it down as an incontestable axiom that, in all
the operations of art and nature, nothing is created; an equal
amount of matter exists both before and after the experiment. Upon this principle, the whole art
of performing chemical experiments depends.”
--Antoine Lavoisier, 1789
Stoichiometry
Chemical Equations
Concise representations of chemical reactions
Stoichiometry
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Stoichiometry
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
Reactants appear on the left side of the equation.
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Stoichiometry
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
Products appear on the right side of the equation.
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Stoichiometry
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
The states of the reactants and products are written in parentheses to the right of each compound.
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Stoichiometry
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
Coefficients are inserted to balance the equation.
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Stoichiometry
Subscripts and Coefficients Give Different Information
• Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each element in a molecule
Stoichiometry
Subscripts and Coefficients Give Different Information
• Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each element in a molecule
• Coefficients tell the number of molecules
Stoichiometry
Coefficients in Chemical Reactions
• Coefficients tell how many molecules or atoms there are.
• Coefficients are numbers placed in front of each molecule or atom and are used to balance equations.
Stoichiometry
Conservation of Mass and Atoms
• Law of Conservation of Matter: • Mass is neither created or destroyed
in chemical reactions. – Lavoisier (1743-1794) proved this.
• The number and kinds of atoms present in the products is the same number and kind of atoms present in the reactants. – The atoms just rearrange.
Stoichiometry
Writing and Balancing Equations
• Determine the reactants and products.
• Write the equation.
– Use the correct formulas for each compound—watch for the diatomics; those that end in –ine and –gen. (H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, At2).
• Balance the equation (same # and kind of elements on both sides of the arrow).
Stoichiometry
Balancing Examples
• Solid copper(II) oxide reacts with hydrogen gas to form solid copper and liquid water.
CuO (s) + H2 (g) ---> Cu (s) + H2O (l)
• Aluminum metal reacts with oxygen gas to form solid aluminum oxide.
Al (s) + O2 (g) ---> Al2O3 (s)
Stoichiometry
Balancing Examples• When balancing an equation, ONLY the
coefficients can be changed.
• NEVER change the subscripts.
• For example: 3H2O 3 is the coefficient. 2 and 1 are the subscripts.
• Changing the subscripts changes the compound.
H2O2 is not water but hydrogen peroxide.
Stoichiometry
HELPFUL HINTS
• Keep polyatomic ions together as a unit if they show up on both sides of the equation.
-- NO3-1 , C2H3O2
-1 , NH4+1 , ….
-- Ca(NO3)2 + NaCl ---> CaCl2 + NaNO3
• Save H and O until last.
-- They will tend to balance out together with the H2O.
Stoichiometry
Example
Aluminum sulfide reacts with water to produce aluminum hydroxide and hydrogen sulfide.
Al2S3 + H2O --> Al(OH)3 + H2S What should we look for immediately? Save O and H for last - there is water.
Al2S3 + H2O ---> 2 Al(OH)3 + H2S
Al2S3 + H2O ---> 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 H2S The Al and S are balanced - now H & O.
Al2S3 + 6 H2O ------> 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 H2S
Stoichiometry
Balance The Following Equations
• Al + S8 Al2S3
• 16 Al + 3 S8 8 Al2S3 • CO + O2 CO2 • 2 CO + O2 2 CO2 • C2H4 + O2 CO2 + H2O • C2H4 + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 2 H2O • Pb(NO3)2 + NaCl PbCl2 + NaNO3 • Pb(NO3)2 + 2 NaCl PbCl2 + 2 NaNO3 • Mg2C3 + H2O Mg(OH)2 + C3H4 • Mg2C3 + 4 H2O 2 Mg(OH)2 + C3H4
• Ca(OH)2 + HBr CaBr2 + H2O • Ca(OH)2 + 2 HBr CaBr2 + 2 H2O
Stoichiometry
Reaction Types
Stoichiometry
Combination or (Synthesis) Reactions
• Examples:N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g)
C3H6 (g) + Br2 (l) C3H6Br2 (l)
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) 2 MgO (s)
• Two or more substances react to form one product
Stoichiometry
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) 2 MgO (s)
Stoichiometry
Decomposition Reactions
• Examples:CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
2 KClO3 (s) 2 KCl (s) + O2 (g)
2 NaN3 (s) 2 Na (s) + 3 N2 (g)
• One substance breaks down into two or more substances
Stoichiometry
Combustion Reactions
• Examples:CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
• Rapid reactions that produce a flame
• Most often involve hydrocarbons reacting with oxygen in the air
Stoichiometry
Formula Weights
Stoichiometry
Formula Weight (FW)• Sum of the atomic weights for the atoms
in a chemical formula• So, the formula weight of calcium
chloride, CaCl2, would be Ca: 1(40.1 amu) + Cl: 2(35.5 amu)
111.1 amu
• These are generally reported for ionic compounds
Stoichiometry
Molecular Weight (MW)
• Sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a molecule
• For the molecule ethane, C2H6, the molecular weight would be
C: 2(12.0 amu)+ H: 6(1.0 amu)
30.0 amu
Stoichiometry
Percent Composition
One can find the percentage of the mass of a compound that comes from each of the elements in the compound by using this equation:
% element =(number of atoms)(atomic weight)
(FW of the compound)x 100
Stoichiometry
Percent Composition
So the percentage of carbon in ethane is…
%C =(2)(12.0 amu)
(30.0 amu)
24.0 amu
30.0 amu= x 100
= 80.0%
Stoichiometry
Moles
Stoichiometry
Avogadro’s Number
• 6.02 x 1023
• 1 mole of 12C has a mass of 12 g
Stoichiometry
The Mole—How big is 6.022 x 1023;
Avogadro ’s number?
602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
Stoichiometry
It would take 10 billion chickens laying 10 eggs per day more than 10 billion years to lay a
mole of eggs.
Stoichiometry
Avogadro's number of inches is 1,616,434 light years, or
across our galaxy and back 8 times.
Stoichiometry
Avogadro's number of seconds is about 19 quadrillion years!
That is 4,240,666 times the age of the earth, or 954,150 times the age of the universe itself.
Stoichiometry
Avogadro's number of kilograms is just over 20 times
the mass of the earth.
Stoichiometry
Avogadro's number of cents could repay the
United States National Debt 86 million times.
Stoichiometry
Molar Mass
• By definition, these are the mass of 1 mol of a substance (i.e., g/mol)– The molar mass of an element is the mass
number for the element that we find on the periodic table
– The formula weight (in amu’s) will be the same number as the molar mass (in g/mol)
Stoichiometry
Using Moles
Moles provide a bridge from the molecular scale to the real-world scale
Stoichiometry
Mole Relationships
• One mole of atoms, ions, or molecules contains Avogadro’s number of those particles
• One mole of molecules or formula units contains Avogadro’s number times the number of atoms or ions of each element in the compound
Stoichiometry
Finding Empirical Formulas
Stoichiometry
Calculating Empirical Formulas
One can calculate the empirical formula from the percent composition
Stoichiometry
Calculating Empirical Formulas
The compound para-aminobenzoic acid (you may have seen it listed as PABA on your bottle of sunscreen) is composed of carbon (61.31%), hydrogen (5.14%), nitrogen (10.21%), and oxygen (23.33%). Find the empirical formula of PABA.
Stoichiometry
Calculating Empirical Formulas
Assuming 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid,
C: 61.31 g x = 5.105 mol C
H: 5.14 g x = 5.09 mol H
N: 10.21 g x = 0.7288 mol N
O: 23.33 g x = 1.456 mol O
1 mol12.01 g
1 mol14.01 g
1 mol1.01 g
1 mol16.00 g
Stoichiometry
Calculating Empirical FormulasCalculate the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest number of moles:
C: = 7.005 7
H: = 6.984 7
N: = 1.000
O: = 2.001 2
5.105 mol0.7288 mol
5.09 mol0.7288 mol
0.7288 mol0.7288 mol
1.458 mol0.7288 mol
Stoichiometry
Calculating Empirical Formulas
These are the subscripts for the empirical formula:
C7H7NO2
Stoichiometry
Combustion Analysis
• Compounds containing C, H and O are routinely analyzed through combustion in a chamber like this– C is determined from the mass of CO2 produced
– H is determined from the mass of H2O produced
– O is determined by difference after the C and H have been determined
Stoichiometry
Elemental Analyses
Compounds containing other elements are analyzed using methods analogous to those used for C, H and O
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometric Calculations
The coefficients in the balanced equation give the ratio of moles of reactants and products
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometric CalculationsFrom the mass of Substance A you can use the ratio of the coefficients of A and B to calculate the mass of Substance B formed (if it’s a product) or used (if it’s a reactant)
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometric Calculations
Starting with 1.00 g of C6H12O6…
we calculate the moles of C6H12O6…
use the coefficients to find the moles of H2O…
and then turn the moles of water to grams
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Stoichiometry
Limiting Reactants
Stoichiometry
How Many Cookies Can I Make?
• You can make cookies until you run out of one of the ingredients
• Once this family runs out of sugar, they will stop making cookies (at least any cookies you would want to eat)
Stoichiometry
How Many Cookies Can I Make?
• In this example the sugar would be the limiting reactant, because it will limit the amount of cookies you can make
Stoichiometry
Limiting Reactants
The limiting reactant is the reactant present in the smallest stoichiometric amount
Stoichiometry
Limiting Reactants
• The limiting reactant is the reactant present in the smallest stoichiometric amount– In other words, it’s the reactant you’ll run out of first (in
this case, the H2)
Stoichiometry
Limiting Reactants
In the example below, the O2 would be the excess reagent
Stoichiometry
Theoretical Yield
• The theoretical yield is the amount of product that can be made– In other words it’s the amount of product
possible as calculated through the stoichiometry problem
• This is different from the actual yield, the amount one actually produces and measures
Stoichiometry
Percent Yield
A comparison of the amount actually obtained to the amount it was possible to make
Actual YieldTheoretical YieldPercent Yield = x 100