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State DOT State DOT Road Safety Road Safety
Audit ProgramsAudit ProgramsThomas M. Welch, P.E.State Transportation
Safety EngineerOffice of Traffic and Safety
Iowa Department of Transportation 515 239-1267
Arizona
Roads and Streets Conference
April 2006
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2
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
1.2 million people will die as a result of road crashes this
year –
more than 3200 deaths each day
ROAD SAFETY IS NO ACCIDENT
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3
Iowa’s Iowa’s Highway Safety ManagementHighway Safety Management
Governor
Office of Traffic and Safety
Governor’s Traffic Safety Bureau
(GTSB)
Cities, Counties, Other State Agencies, Universities
& Private Sector Groups
Safety Management
System &
Statewide Traffic Records Committee
Department ofTransportation
Department ofPublic Safety
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4
Iowa’s Iowa’s Highway Safety ManagementHighway Safety Management
State Safety Engineer State Traffic Engineer
9 Staff 13 Staff
Office of Traffic and Safety
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5
Iowa DOT Safety ProgramsIowa DOT Safety ProgramsStatewide Programs
Federal Hazard Elimination ProgramHighway Safety Management System (SMS) Data-Driven Highway Safety Program Safety Conscious Planning 3R Roadway Safety Audits
Local Assistance ProgramsState Traffic Safety Improvement Programs (TSIP)Traffic Engineering Assistance Program (TEAP)Safety Data Products– Crash Data Analysis Tools– Iowa Traffic Safety Data Services (ITSDS)
Traffic & Safety Engineering Forum Small town signing program
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AASHTO AASHTO Technology Information GroupTechnology Information Group
In 2004, In 2004, AASHTO’sAASHTO’s TIG selected TIG selected RSAsRSAs as as focus technologyfocus technologyTom Welch and Tom Welch and TereciaTerecia Wilson CoWilson Co--ChairsChairsTeam includes AASHTO, NACE, LTAP, Team includes AASHTO, NACE, LTAP, FHWA, UniversitiesFHWA, UniversitiesRSA BrochureRSA BrochureVideoVideoRegional Peer Exchange WorkshopsRegional Peer Exchange Workshops
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What is a Road Safety Audit?
A road safety audit is a formal examination of an existing or future road
or traffic project, or any project which interacts with road users, in which an
independent, qualified examiner reports on the project’s crash potential and safety
performance.
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Road Safety Audits areRoad Safety Audits are
A A PROACTIVE SAFETY PROACTIVE SAFETY
TOOLTOOL
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Road Safety Audits Road Safety Audits Are Not:Are Not:
Praise or Critique of Design Work or Praise or Critique of Design Work or PersonnelPersonnelCrash Investigation Only (Reactive)Crash Investigation Only (Reactive)Provide Alternative DesignsProvide Alternative DesignsHighHigh--Cost or ResourceCost or Resource--IntensiveIntensiveReplace Engineering, Fiscal DecisionReplace Engineering, Fiscal Decision--MakingMaking
Bethel
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1010
In the BeginningIn the Beginning
1994 FHWA Safety Management 1994 FHWA Safety Management Scanning TourScanning TourAustraliaAustraliaNew ZealandNew Zealand
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1111
FHWA Safety Audit WorkshopsFHWA Safety Audit Workshops
1997 in St. Louis1997 in St. Louis13 13 DOTsDOTs attendedattendedMany concerns raisedMany concerns raised
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Training CoursesTraining Courses
2000 FHWA2000 FHWA
2001 NHI Courses 2001 NHI Courses
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Has an RSA Program
Considering an RSA Program
RSA Only on Existing Roads
Rhode Island
Status of Road Safety Audits (RSA)January 2006 Survey (2)
*
*
Maryland
*
*
Has Informal RSA Program*NO RSA Program
NO Response / Unknown
NO RSA Program but has some RSA activity+
++
+
+
+
* +
+
+
+
+New Jersey
+
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TRADITIONALTRADITIONALRSA RSA
PROGRAMSPROGRAMS
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When Can When Can RSA’sRSA’s Be Used?Be Used?
Traditional:Traditional:Planning & Land Use Development Planning & Land Use Development -- BestBestPreliminary Design, Detailed DesignPreliminary Design, Detailed DesignConstructionConstructionOperations, MaintenanceOperations, Maintenance
NonTraditionalNonTraditional::RehabilitationRehabilitation
Rte. 148, Industry
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Why is SC doing Why is SC doing RSAsRSAs??
807845 847
882
930903
1,001
1,064 1,063 1,060
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Down 0.4% Down 0.4% since 1999since 1999
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Why is SC doing RSAs?• Proactive approach to highway safety.
• Widely used in other countries, highly effective.
• Possible even with limited resources.
• Supports Strategic Plan Goal of improving safety.
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Projects• The first year will feature 4
existing roads, 2 new projects, and 5 under construction.
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“We view RSAs as a proactive, low cost approach to improve safety. The RSA helped our engineering team develop a number of solutions incorporating measures that were not originally included in the projects. The very first audit conducted saved SCDOT thousands of dollars by correcting a design problem.”
-Terecia WilsonDirector of Safety, South Carolina DOT
AASHTO TIG Brochure
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2020
The The MaineDOTMaineDOT ApproachApproach
Focus on Planning & Scoping ActivitiesFocus on Planning & Scoping ActivitiesMaximum Life Cycle Safety BenefitsMaximum Life Cycle Safety BenefitsMinimal Life Cycle CostMinimal Life Cycle CostReduced Need for FollowReduced Need for Follow--Up Safety Up Safety ProjectsProjects
Minimal Administration & ResourcesMinimal Administration & ResourcesSelectiveSelective RSAsRSAs in Subsequent Phasesin Subsequent Phases
Rte. 136, Freeport
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2121
MaineDOTMaineDOT RSA FindingsRSA Findings--Driver ExpectationsDriver Expectations--
Consistency in Road Geometry Consistency in Road Geometry Driver Information SignsDriver Information SignsSpeed Control, Speed LimitsSpeed Control, Speed LimitsRailroad & Other CrossingsRailroad & Other CrossingsUser Mix (Bike, User Mix (Bike, PedPed, Large Vehicles, , Large Vehicles, Other)Other)
Litchfield
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2222
MaineDOTMaineDOT RSA FindingsRSA Findings--GeometricsGeometrics--
Lane & Shoulder Widths, TypesLane & Shoulder Widths, TypesAccess Control, Entrance & EgressAccess Control, Entrance & EgressLane Changes, Turning MovementsLane Changes, Turning MovementsParkingParkingLighting, Sun GlareLighting, Sun Glare
Bethel
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NONNON--TRADITIONALTRADITIONAL
RSA RSA PROGRAMSPROGRAMS
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2424
Maine Maine Example Example ReportReport
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IOWAIOWA3 R SAFETY 3 R SAFETY
AUDIT AUDIT PROGRAMPROGRAM
Thomas M. WelchSafety Engineer
Office of Traffic and Safety
Iowa [email protected]
515.239.1267
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Typical Iowa “New Construction”Typical Iowa “New Construction”
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From 1R to 3RFrom 1R to 3RWe were resurfacing the roads and nothing else.3 inch overlay every 20 years would cost $100,000,000 a year so that was our program goalSafety and incidental items slowed this down
Prior to 2000
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$-
$10,000,000
$20,000,000$30,000,000
$40,000,000
$50,000,000
$60,000,000
FY 2001 FY 2000 FY 1999
3R Project Annual Cost Breakdown
RehabMiscSafety
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Safety Safety Program Focus:Program Focus:
Low cost improvements to improve safety on all roadways
in the next 20 years
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Roadway Roadway ResurfacingResurfacing
SafetySafetyWorkshopsWorkshops
Sponsored by the Sponsored by the Office of Office of
Traffic and SafetyTraffic and Safety
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3R 3R ChecklistChecklist
6 Page Worksheet
31 Review Categories
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3R Roadway Safety Audits3R Roadway Safety Audits
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3R Safety Audits3R Safety AuditsBy DistrictsRecently Completed 3R ProjectsProposed 3R ProjectsCrash AnalysisPrepare Audit ReportAnnual Report to Chief Engineer
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3R Safety Audit Review Team3R Safety Audit Review TeamSafety– DOT– FHWA
DesignMaintenanceConstructionOlder driverLocal enforcement input
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Warren CountyWarren County
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Warren CountyWarren County
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Warren CountyWarren County
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Warren CountyWarren County
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Warren CountyWarren County
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Warren CountyWarren County
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Collision Collision DiagramsDiagrams
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Safety Improvements Safety Improvements Incorporated Into 3R ProjectsIncorporated Into 3R Projects
4’ Paved Shoulders with milled rumble strips
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Safety Improvements Safety Improvements Incorporated Into 3R ProjectsIncorporated Into 3R Projects
“Rumble Stripes”
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CurvesCurves Super elevation: add or correctPave shoulders:outside & insideFlatten outside slopeRemove objectsoutside curveDelineate, chevron, RPM’s,ball bank advisory
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Safety Dikes ( escape ramps)Safety Dikes ( escape ramps)
Opposite all “T” intersectionsFree of fixed objects
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46
Daylight: Intersections, DrivesDaylight: Intersections, Drives
Vegetation: crops, bushesCut or fill problemSigns & poles
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Turn LanesTurn Lanes
Check warrants & crash historyOffset left turn lanes
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Turn LanesTurn Lanes
•Offset Right Turn Lanes
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SignalsSignals
Back platesAdd mast armsAdd far right sideHead for each laneReplace < 12 inch Combination polesDetector location & operationMill/patch affect detectorsPedestrian signal/buttons
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Rumble StripsRumble Strips
At stop signsReplace if presentOn paved shoulderRe-cut if not effectiveWill project cover
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51
Improved SigningImproved Signing
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52
Cattle PassesCattle Passes
• Fill in if not in use (check for deer use)
• Guardrail• Delineate
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53
Safety Improvements Safety Improvements Incorporated Into 3R ProjectsIncorporated Into 3R Projects
Reduce Impact Severity
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54
Safety Improvements Safety Improvements Incorporated Into 3R ProjectsIncorporated Into 3R Projects
Extend Culverts
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CulvertsCulverts
Consider dropinlets
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CulvertsCulverts
LengthenGratePlace guardrail
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GuardrailGuardrail
Upgrade all/terminalsMounting heightPave to face of railRemove fixed objects in front of or within deflection area
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Safety Improvements Incorporated Safety Improvements Incorporated Into 3R ProjectsInto 3R Projects
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Remove Driveways With Vertical WallsRemove Driveways With Vertical Walls
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Safety Improvements Safety Improvements Incorporated Into 3R ProjectsIncorporated Into 3R Projects
FlattenTransverseSlopes
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Remove Remove Roadside TreesRoadside Trees
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MailboxesMailboxes
•Severe obstacles
•Replace with breakaway posts and well-fastened box
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Safety Improvements Safety Improvements Incorporated Into 3R ProjectsIncorporated Into 3R Projects
Improve Curve Signing
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44--lane Undivided to 3lane Undivided to 3--lane lane ConversionsConversions
BEFORE
AFTER
Used in 18 Iowa Sites
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Rip RapRip Rap
Back slope: any size?Fore slope and toe: maximum 4 inchDo not create a wall
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Utility Pole DelineationUtility Pole Delineation
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Milled CenterMilled Center--line Rumble Stripline Rumble Strip
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Return on Investment?Return on Investment?
Iowa Highway Iowa Highway FatalitiesFatalities
Five Year AverageFive Year Average
1995 -1999 4802000 - 2004 420
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Expected Fatality Rates (Weighted by Distribution of VMT) Compared to Actual Fatality Rates
Puerto RicoVirgin Islands
(1.26)
(0.76)
(0.65)
(0.57)
(0.54)
(0.52)
(0.46)
(0.39)
(0.39)
(0.33)
(0.30)
(0.29)
(0.25)(0.23)
(0.18)
(0.17)(0.17)(0.17)
(0.16)
(0.15)
(0.10)
(0.08)
(0.07)
(0.06)
(0.02)
(0.02)
0.01
0.020.05
0.06
0.10
0.12
0.13
0.17
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.29
0.29
0.30
0.34
0.41
0.44
0.46
0.64
0.79
0.81
(1.30) to zerozero to 0.83
DC
Charles (Tony) Aiken, FHWA, 2004 Traffic Records Forum
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DESIGNING TO “STANDARD” DESIGNING TO “STANDARD” MAY NOT BE GOOD ENOUGHMAY NOT BE GOOD ENOUGH
Standards may not address everythingCombination of elements may not “fit”– i.e.: downhill to a left-hand curve
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Curve Enhancement Beyond “Standard”Curve Enhancement Beyond “Standard”
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Meets Clear Zone Meets Clear Zone and Design Standardsand Design Standards
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Intersection Location Relative To Intersection Location Relative To Horizontal or Vertical Curve “Standards”Horizontal or Vertical Curve “Standards”
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Enhance Edge Rut Enhance Edge Rut Maintenance StandardsMaintenance Standards
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7676
Do RSAs expose agencies to more Do RSAs expose agencies to more legal liability?legal liability?
Agencies should seek legal advice.Agencies should seek legal advice.Agencies can be taken to court with or Agencies can be taken to court with or without a road safety audit.without a road safety audit.RSAs can be part of a safety RSAs can be part of a safety management system.management system.
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Do RSAs expose agencies to more Do RSAs expose agencies to more legal liability?legal liability?
“[RSAs] demonstrate a proactive approach to “[RSAs] demonstrate a proactive approach to identifying and mitigating safety concerns.”identifying and mitigating safety concerns.”
“Our attorneys say that once safety issues “Our attorneys say that once safety issues are identified, and if we have financial are identified, and if we have financial limitations on how much and how fast limitations on how much and how fast
we can correct the issues, then the we can correct the issues, then the audit will help them in defense of liability.”audit will help them in defense of liability.”
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Liability IssuesLiability Issues
Safety Audits will help create a safer road environmentAudits should not be discouraged by legal systemBenefits outweigh the costs
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The audit team provides suggestions The audit team provides suggestions only. only.
The road agency or designer remains The road agency or designer remains responsible for design decisions.responsible for design decisions.
Will an RSA drive up costs?Will an RSA drive up costs?
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Audit suggestions:Audit suggestions:can focus on lowcan focus on low--cost safety cost safety improvements,improvements,can be precan be pre--screened with the road screened with the road agency and designer,agency and designer,must be consistent with the design must be consistent with the design stage.stage.
Will an RSA drive up costs?Will an RSA drive up costs?
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Keys to SuccessKeys to SuccessTop-Down SupportAdapt to Fit Local NeedsInstitutionalize the ProcessFocus on What is DoableTrain Key Players, OJT for Team MembersUtilize Multi-Discipline ApproachNote Life Cycle Savings Far Outweigh Costs
Rte. 137, Freedom
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““The Road Safety Audit process is The Road Safety Audit process is valuable from a perspective of valuable from a perspective of identifying deficiencies, developing identifying deficiencies, developing mitigativemitigative strategies, improving public strategies, improving public relations, and enhancing our agency’s relations, and enhancing our agency’s credibility.”credibility.”
Bernie Bernie ArseneauArseneau,,Director, Office of Traffic, Security, and Operations, MinnesotaDirector, Office of Traffic, Security, and Operations, Minnesota DOTDOT