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Deculturalization and the Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality Struggle for Equality
A Brief History of the Education of Dominated Cultures in the United States
By: Joel Spring
Presented by: Heather Nast, Lauren Finelli and Andrew Reder
Racial ViolenceRacial Violence
Throughout history...US Civil WarTrail of Death19th century ChineseEnslaved Africans Race riots in 19th and 20th
centuriesZoot Suit riotsCivil Rights Movement
In EducationProtestants and
Catholics in 1840’sPunishment of
enslaved AfricansRacial clashesSchool integration
riotsCurrent debates
GlobalizationGlobalizationGlobalization- begins when
Columbus arrives in the Americas in 1492 and links the world trade routes
Civilized v. uncivilized- Christian v. Pagan
Religious SuperiorityReligious Superiority
CatholicsReligious hereticsCatholics schools
developed the private school sect
ProtestantThe superior beliefReferred to as
“public” schoolsMostly anti-Catholic
(obvious in government life)
*** Lead to the Catholic/Protestant school riots over religious doctrines
Race, Racism and CitizenshipRace, Racism and CitizenshipRace- primarily a social constructionRacism- prejudice plus power
Educational Methods for Global Educational Methods for Global Cultural EncountersCultural Encounters
Cultural GenocideDeculturalizationAssimilationCultural PluralismDenial of EducationHybridity
Educational and Cultural Educational and Cultural DifferencesDifferencesColonistsChild-rearing-
discipline, authority and memorization (break the will of the child)
School- formal settingWork- activity
provided protection against sin
Political power- only men
Native Americans
Child-rearing- quite dismissive
School- informal, educated by stories told by the elders
Work- only for what they needed
Political power- held by some women
Early Native Early Native American American Educational Educational ProgramsPrograms
Failed establishment of Henrico College
Praying townsDartmouth CollegeMoor’s Charity School
5 Civilized Tribes5 Civilized TribesChoctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw,
Creek and Seminole tribesGovernment wanted their landFelt like the nuclear family and
the establishment of a formal government was leaked to the need for a nuclear family
Hoped for a cash economy to develop
Native Americans: Native Americans: Deculturalization, Schooling, and Deculturalization, Schooling, and GlobalizationGlobalization
Native Americans as Indigenous people
The Naturalization Act of 1790 excluded them from citizenship of the U.S.
SchoolingSchoolingThomas McKenney thought
schooling would socially control Native Americans and improve their society
He introduced schools to Indian tribes as “experiments”◦White Missionary teachers- American
Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM)
◦1819 Civilization Fund Act
Native American language Native American language and cultureand culture
Sequoyah created a written language to preserve their history, religions, and culture◦Elias Boudinot created Cherokee
Phoenix in 1828
Indian RemovalIndian RemovalAndrew Jackson worried that
education was giving Indians the power to resist the U.S. government
Indian Removal Act of 1830◦Trail of Tears
Once settled they began setting up schools and governments◦The Spencer, Armstrong, & New
Hope AcademiesCherokees were almost 100%
literate!
Reservations and Boarding Reservations and Boarding SchoolsSchoolsCharles E. Mix said that the U.S.
had made great errors when dealing with the tribes
1867 Indian Peace Commission
Boarding schools take children to strip away their native culture◦Carlisle Indian School &Hampton-
Richard Pratt
Poor conditions- how are they to learn?
Meriam Report in 1928
African Americans: African Americans: Deculturalization, Deculturalization, Transformation, and Transformation, and SegregationSegregation“Diaspora”British, Spanish, and Portuguese
imperialists moved enslaved Africans to North American and other locations
North- societies with the slavesSouth- slave societies (plantation
life)Two ways denial of education laws
can be used
“Creole”
Increase demand of slaves◦Devastating tolls on newly arrived
slaves◦Free slaves still had restrictions
Petitions to gradually abolish slavery in the North
Educational SegregationEducational Segregation
Freedom vs. Equality
Segregated schools◦Reading and writing in English◦Unequal funding
Discrimination
Boston Fights for Equal Boston Fights for Equal EducationEducationMassachusetts Education Act of
1789◦Funding
Benjamin Robert’s daughter- First separate-but-equal ruling in judicial history
1855 Massachusetts governor signed a law that said no child can be denied admission based on race/religion
Slaves were not allowed to readAlthough many of them learned
◦Helped the slaves learn about what was happening in the Civil War
“Darky act” or “trickers”
African Americans had to obey the government, but was not allowed to have a say in it
The Fourteenth Amendment Section 1◦Homer Plessy
First CrusadeFirst CrusadeFirst: literacy
◦Former slaves established schools◦Trying to improve political and
economic standings ◦Booker T. Washington
“cast down its buckets and use black workers”
◦W.E.B. Du Bois NAACP
◦General Samuel Armstrong Hampton and segregated industrial
education
Second CrusadeSecond Crusade
1910- 1930s, Expansion of segregated schools paid by individual supporters and government
The Anna T. Jeanes Fund & The Julius Rosenwald Fund
Asians: From Horde to Asians: From Horde to AdoredAdoredGenerally speaking, White efforts
at deculturization focused on the denial of education and separation of Asian populations from White populations
The nature of Asian immigration caused treatment to shift much faster than any other group
Coming to AmericaComing to AmericaChinese: Moving around since 15th century
◦First major wave was Gold Rush 1850s in California
◦Paid their own way, not enough money to get back
◦Ended up working on railroads or in agricultureJapanese: Late start
◦1639 law forbade foreign travel◦Immigration started in 1868 to Hawaii and
California
Other Asian PopulationsOther Asian PopulationsSmall amounts (<10,000) from
Korea and IndiaIn 1907 a large Filipino migration
beganOther Asians not significant until
Immigration Act of 1965
White ViewsWhite Views
Until 1960s, major views were:◦“Coolie”
low cost, servile labor Born from railroad workers/farmhands
◦“Deviant” Immoral, sexually permissive Born from opium dens and prostitution
◦Combined as “Yellow Peril”
Push and PullPush and Pull
Asian immigration started relatively late, when big pushes for more equal rights were starting
“Coolie” legislation often clashed with “Deviant” legislation
Many of most repressive laws were reversed soon after being enacted
Example: San FransiscoExample: San Fransisco1872: All White students to be
educated1884: Imperial Chinese Consulate
complains◦SF School board specifically bars
“Mongolians”1885: Superior Court overrules SF1885: Segregated schools
implemented1906: Forced integration to avoid
international incident
A New ImageA New ImageWWII
◦Japanese Internment◦Asians differentiated
1950s, the Model Minority
Latinos: Location, LocationLatinos: Location, LocationBiggest Latino influxes came
from conquest◦1848: End of Mexican-American War
US gained California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Texas
◦1898: End of Spanish-American War US gained Puerto Rico, the Philippines,
Guam and naval base in Cuba
Similar View, Different Similar View, Different TreatmentTreatmentLatinos: mix of Indian (not white) and
Spanish (white on a technicality)◦Generally regarded as Indians or worse
Mexicans valued as cheap labor◦Education was
denied/neglected/segregatedPuerto Ricans feared as too
independent◦Education was forced in order to
“Americanize”
Puerto Rico: A dream Puerto Rico: A dream snatched awaysnatched awayStrong independence movement
since 1860sMade “autonomous state” in
1897◦Constitutional Republic with Spanish
GovernorConquered in 1898
Puerto Rico: Winning Hearts Puerto Rico: Winning Hearts and Mindsand Minds“Put an American schoolhouse in
every valley and upon every hilltop”Education used as a weapon to
inspire loyalty◦English-only past first grade◦American History over Puerto Rican
History◦Celebration of American holidays
Biggest tension was over English Language
Mexicans: Kept poor and Mexicans: Kept poor and dumbdumbSimilar Policies to Puerto Rico to
inspire patriotismAlmost never enforced
◦“Educating the Mexican is educating them away from the job, away from the dirt”
Those that did go to school were segregated
Globalization: The Great Civil Globalization: The Great Civil Rights Movement and Wars of Rights Movement and Wars of LiberationLiberation
InternationallyDeclaration on the
Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
DomesticallyDiscrimination
everywhereDeculturalization
and school segregation was part of a general global movement
School Desegregation School Desegregation NAACP- desegregation and
opportunity to participate in economic system
1954 Brown vs. Board of Education Topeka
Public demonstrations to take actionLack of supervision to make sure
segregation endedCORE, SNCC, SCLC
Reverend Martin Luther Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.King, Jr.King was born in 1929 into a
family of Baptist MinistersIntroduction of nonviolent
confrontation1957 Southern Christian
Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Continued…Continued…Rosa Parks1957 “Give us the Ballot…”
speech to Washington, DCCivil Rights Act of 1964
◦Titles 4 & 6
In 1961, 450 Indians attended the American Indian Chicago Conference ◦End to termination policies
John F. Kennedy◦More Indian participation in decisions
involving federal policiesStruggle for self-determination
◦Pan-Indian Movement
Indian Education: A National Indian Education: A National TragedyTragedyBilingual Education Act of 1968Indian Self-Determination and
Education Assistance Act of 1975Tribally Controlled Schools ActNative American Languages Act
of 1990
Bilingual EducationBilingual EducationBoycotts in LABilingual Education Act of 1968Official language disputes
Multicultural Education, Multicultural Education, Immigration and the Cultural Immigration and the Cultural WarsWars
1965 Immigration Act that abolished the 1924 Immigration Act (and the quota system)
Multicultural education roseEthnocentric schools (go back
to segregation)
Cultural Wars cont. and Cultural Wars cont. and NCLBNCLB
Mandatory standardized tests only measure one culture
Bilingual education be used as a vehicle for learning English
2121STST Century: Post- Racial Century: Post- Racial SocietySocietyPost-racial- a society where race is
no longer important in determining social status and income◦However, government agencies state
that the concept of race has no scientific or anthropological meaning but persist in using racial categories in their reports
◦Socially constructed in contrast to legal or administrative definitions of race
In ComparisonIn Comparison
Race and income◦ 1- all white◦ 2- white (Hispanic or
Latino)◦ Least- Black or
African American
Drop out rates (1972-2006)◦ 1- Hispanic◦ 2- Black◦ 3- Whites
Is the US a Post-Racial Is the US a Post-Racial SocietySociety
YES◦ Racial categories are
no longer recognized, by government agencies, as having scientific or anthropological meaning
◦ Because race is a confusing term taking on many different meanings among post-1965 immigrants
◦ Since post-1965 immigrants are not facing any overt attempts as Deculturalization and Americanization
NO◦ Many native-born whites and
blacks still think in the racial categories created by law and judicial decisions from the 18th century to the Civil Rights Movements
◦ Since government agencies require the use of racial categories
◦ The legacy of race-based laws and Deculturalization still contribute to educational and economic inequality
◦ Since many immigrants from Mexico and Central America as assimilation into native-born Hispanic communities suffering from the legacy of the past