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Spontaneous Ingroup Projection: Evidence from Sequential Priming.
Mauro Bianchi
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Overview
Theoretical background
Experiment 1: spontaneous ingroup projection
conclusion
Experiment 2: two different inter-group contexts
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• Ingroup Projection Model (Mummendey & Wenzel, 1999, Wenzel, Mummendey, Weber & Waldzus, 2003):
projection of the ingroup prototype onto a superordinate category.
• Dual-Systems Models (Chaiken & Trope, 1999; Strack & Deutsch, 2004):
automatic vs. controlled information processing.
• Implicit Stereotyping (Devine, 1989; Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 1997):
stereotypes can be unintentionally activated, outside the subjective awareness.
Theoretical background
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Ingroup Outgroup
Inclusive Category(e.g. Europe)
(e.g. Italy) (e.g. Germany)
=
-
Ingroup projection
Ingroup Projection Model (Mummendey & Wenzel, 1999)
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IPM concepts
Relative prototypicality and consequences on Outgroup evaluation
Ingroup prototype projected onto the Superordinate prototype
Ingroup projection
Inclusion of both the ingroup and the outgroup in a Superordinate Category
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IPM concepts
Ingroup prototype projected onto the Superordinate prototype
prototype ascognitive representation of stereotypes (Stangor,
2000)
Ingroup projection
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Dual-System Models
Dual-System Models (Smith & DeCoster, 2000)
• spontaneous (automatic – heuristic – impulsive – associative) mode;
• automatic activation of knowledge or affective reactions based on cues salient in the current context;
• preconscious, no awareness or control is needed to instigate the process.
• deliberate (controlled – systematic – reflexive – rule based) mode;
• based on symbolically represented rules;
• conscious, controlled, and effortful.
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Automatic and Controlled Stereotyping (Devine, 1989)
spontaneously activated upon perception of a category cue:
• out of the subjects awareness
• unintentional
Implicit Stereotyping
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“spontaneous ingroup projection”:
• semantic priming technique (strong tests for the existence of an association between two concepts, Bargh & Chartrand, 2000), specifically, Lexical Decision Task (Wittenbrink et al., 1997);
• group members spontaneously activate the ingroup as opposed to the outgroup prototype in response to a superordinate category stimulus;
• valence had no impact on the results.
spontaneous ingroup projection
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+
european
XXXXXX
warm
1000 ms
15 ms
250 ms
time
word/non-word
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+
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XXXXXXX
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warm
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Experiment 1
“spountaneous ingroup projection” ???
the prime EUROPEAN facilitates the stereotypic Italian/German attributes rather than the stereotypic German/Italian feature
spontaneous ingroup projection
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+
prime: European
Italian
German
XXXXXX
XXXXXX
target: ingroup traits
outgroup tr.
filler
non-word
1000 ms
15 ms
250 ms
time
word/non-word
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Design study 1
3 PRIMEs (e.g European, Italian, German) X
2 type of TRAIT (Italian, German)
X
2 VALENCE of trait (positive, negative)
DV: RESPONSE FACILITATION INDEX (more positive values indicate greater response facilitation due to a
prime )
spontaneous ingroup projection
Participants: undergraduate students from Padova University (N=52) and Jena University (N=43)
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-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
ingroup outgroup
TRAITS
ms
PRIME European
PRIME Ingroup
PRIME Outgroup
Figure 1. Italian Participants’ Response Facilitation (in Millisecond) as a Function of Prime and Trait.
PRIMEs x TRAITs INTERACTION
F(2,48) = 21.08, p < .001, η2 = .30
spontaneous ingroup projection
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-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
ingroup outgroup
TRAITS
ms
PRIME European
PRIME Ingroup
PRIME Outgroup
Figure 2. German Participants’ Response Facilitation (in Millisecond) as a Function of Prime and Trait.
PRIMEs x TRAITs INTERACTION
F(2,38) = 8.70, p < .01, η2 = .19
spontaneous ingroup projection
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inter-group context
Stereotyping is malleable (Blair, 2002): contextual factors moderate the automatic evaluation processes (Wittenbrink, Judd, and Park, 2001).
Ingroup stereotypes vary with the frame of reference emerging from the context (Haslam, Turner, Oakes, McGarty, & Hayes, 1992), that is, they vary as a function of who is the “Other” in an inter-group setting (Hopkins, Regan, & Abell, 1997).
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inter-group context
“spontaneous ingroup projection” is context dependent???
Experiment 2
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Design study 2
2 manipulation of context
(Germany vs England or Germany vs Italy )
X
2 type of trait (Counter Italian, Counter British;
Waldzus et al., 2005)
DV: RESPONSE FACILITATION INDEX (more positive values indicate greater response facilitation due to a
prime )
inter-group context
Participants: 60 undergraduate students from Jena University
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Manipulation of context:
our Jena research group is collaborating with University of Sussex
vs
our Jena research group is collaborating with University of Padova
Type of trait
Counter British (e.g. “sociable”): typical German rather than English
and
Counter Italian (e.g. “correct”): typical German rather than Italian
inter-group context
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CONTEXT x TRAITs interaction
F(1,49) = 4.3, p < . 05, η2p = . 08
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Germans vs Brits Germans vs Italians
Type of CONTEXT
ms TRAITS counter-British
TRAITS counter-Italian
Figure 3. Participants’ Response Facilitation (in Millisecond) as a Function of Type of Context and Type of Trait.
inter-group context
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Summary
• ingroup projection at the implicit level:
superordinate category activates ingroup prototype, no facilitation for outgroup prototype.
• context-dependent: spontaneous association between the superordinate category prime and the prototype of the ingroup that is made relevant in the context, regardless of the particular content of such a prototype.
• “spountaneous ingroup projection” is related to ingroup bias, attitude towards ingroup and identification measures
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Current research:
IAT studies “Psychological distance” (Libermann, 2006)
Me, here, now, for real
Others, not here, not now, hypothetical
complex and detailed
schematic
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Current research:
IAT studies “Psychological distance” (Libermann, 2006)
Sub-Groups level
Inclusive level
ingroup outgroup
More Inclusive level
More Inclusive level
Me, here, now, for realcomplex and detailed
schematic
ab
stra
ctn
ess
Others, not here, not now, hypothetical