Download - SPIELVOGEL CHAPTER 17
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THE 18TH CENTURY: AN AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
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The 18th century = the Age of Enlightenment
Also known as the Age of Reason
The motto of the Enlightenment – “Dare to Know”
The Enlightenment was built on and followed the Scientific Revolution –1. use reason to understand the nat. world2. use reason to understand human society
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Key words/key ideas of the 18th century:1. Reason2. Hope3. Progress4. Natural law
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Know and understand society using reason
Improve/reform society
Human progress
Social and human perfectability??? -> social engineering
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1.The dead hand of tradition
2.Organized religion/the church
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Popularize = to make more widely known Science was spread to a wider segment
of educated society by popularizers Bernard de Fontenelle1. scientist-philosopher who linked
science of 17th century to the philosophes of the 18th cent
2. Author of Plurality of Worlds3. Translate the new science in a
clear/entertaining way
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Pierre Bayle1. Leading critic of
traditional religion2. Attacked ->
superstition, religious intolerance, and dogmatism
3. Advocated religious toleration
4. Author – Historical and Critical Dictionary
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1. Exposed Europeans to new cultures, ideas, and behaviors
2. Showed Europeans that their ways were not the only ways = cultural relativism -> other fields other grasshoppers
3. Europeans began to compare their civilization with others
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The term noble savage (French, bon sauvage), expresses the concept an idealized indigene, outsider (or "other").
The idea that in a state of nature humans are essentially good.
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Locke and Newton = the inspiration for and idols of 18th century Enlightenment thinkers
1. Isaac Newton – greatest figure of the Sci. Rev.
2. John Locke – political thinker and philosopher
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EMPIRICISM = knowledge comes through experience and observation
1. Theory of knowledge – epistemology2. Rejected innate ideas – not born with
ideas3. We are born as a tabula rasa = blank
slate4. Knowledge comes from exp./observation5. We are products of our environment