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Special CRS cases:
AFRS, ASA triad, CF
Rodney J. Schlosser, MD
Ralph H. Johnson VAMC &
Professor and Director of Rhinology
Department of Otolaryngology - HNS
Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston, SC
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Disclosure
• Consultant: BrainLAB, Olympus, Sunovion
• Grants: NeilMed, Medtronic, Optinose,
Arthrocare
• Text book
• Essentially all topical therapies are off label
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Learning Objectives
• To understand the evidence for various
medical and surgical treatment options for
AFRS, ASA triad and CF
• To understand the impact of sinonasal
inflammation upon the lower airway
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Can we use EBM to take a patient
from this….
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….to this (ASA triad 3.5 years postop)?
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A few caveats…
• Not all polyps are the same!!
– Individual patient differences
– Optimal Rx?
– Cost
– Compliance
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Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis with Polyps!
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Harvey RJ et al, J OHNS 2009
CRS pathophysiology
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Systemic treatments for CRSwNP
Therapy Level of evidence Recommendation
PO steroids
PO abx <4 wks
PO abx >12 wks
PO antifungals
Immunotherapy
Anti leukotrienes
Anti IgE
ASA desensitization
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Systemic treatments for CRSwNP
Therapy Level of evidence Recommendation
PO steroids Ia A
PO abx <3-4 wks Ib and Ib(-) C
PO abx >12 wks III C
PO antifungals Ib (-) A-
Immunotherapy III C
Anti leukotrienes Ib(-) A-
Anti IgE Ib and Ib(-) C
ASA
desensitization
II C
Fokkens W etal EPOS 2012
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If systemic medical therapies fail,
what’s the evidence for surgery
in CRSwNP?
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Concepts of Endoscopic Sinus
Surgery (ESS)
• Enlarge natural openings
• Preserve lining and natural structures
• Remove fungal/bacterial debris
• Aggressive topical therapies postoperatively
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Concepts of ESS
Pre-op Post-op
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Mucociliary clearance
PCD
Rheologic properties
Obstructed os
Acquired dysfunction
Microbial community
Bacteria (Staph)
Fungi
Biofilm
Viruses
Mucosal inflammation
Th2 skewing
IgE/LTs
ASA triad
Superantigen
Remove polyps &
inflammatory
mucin
Topical steroids
CRS & changing role of surgery?
Remove
organisms/biofilm
Topical
antimicrobials
Eliminate ostial
obstruction
Topical MC
stimulants
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Topical therapies
• Delivery to anatomic site (target sinus)
• The proper active agent
• Impact upon lower airway??
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Richard Harvey
Bewildering variety?
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Prescription versions
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What we don’t want to become
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Topical drug considerations Macro factors
• Surgical state
• Delivery device & volume
• Patient position
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Impact of surgery
Surgical State Findings
Unoperated No consistent delivery regardless of device
Balloon Sphenoid
Frontal
Maxillary
ESS Delivery increases especially with large
volume
Endoscopic Lothrop or
medial maxillectomy
Possible benefit
• Cadaver (n=5) and human studies (n=3)
• Conclusion: ESS optimal, critical os size 4-5 mm
Thomas III, WT et al, IFAR 2012 (submitted)
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Critical os size
Brenner etal, IFAR 2012
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What type of surgery is needed
for postop topical therapies?
Balloon MIST FESS
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Ventilation ≠ access for topical treatments
Prior to successful ESS, topical therapies are ONLY nasal cavity treatments
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Access for topical treatments
Harvey RJ, Schlosser RJ. J OHNS, 2009
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Impact of device
Device Findings
Spray/Drops Little sinus distribution with either
technique. Some delivery to olfactory
cleft/MT that may be position dependent.
Atomizer/
Nebulizer
Pulsating aerosols/nebs with some limited
distribution to sinuses
Squeeze bottle/
Neti Pot
Larger volumes have best distribution
• Cadaver (n=5) and human studies (n=15)
• Recommend for: Large volume devices post ESS
• Recommend against: Low volume devices do not
consistently reach sinuses
Thomas III, WT et al, IFAR 2012 (submitted)
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Sprays
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Combined effects of surgery & volume
Harvey RJ et al, OHNS 2009
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Impact of position
• Cadaver (n=3) & human (n=7) studies
• Recommend for: HDF with high volume devices
• Recommend for: LHB or LHL with drops and sprays
Position Findings
Head upright Inferior meatus with gtt
LHB (Mygind)
Middle meatus
LHL (Ragan) Middle meatus
HDF (Mecca) Increased superior distribution
(Olfactory, limited
ethmoid/max)
Thomas III, WT et al, IFAR 2012 (submitted)
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Drops and LHB Position
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Now that we can reach the
sinuses, which active agent ?
• Mechanical
– Saline
– Baby Shampoo
• Pharmaceutical
– Steroids
– Antibiotic
• Mupirocin
• Gentamycin / Tobramycin
• Ampho B
– Novel agents
• Honey
• Surfactants
• Dornase Alpha
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Mechanical Effects
MCC
Mucus rheology
Surfactants
Removal of Ag
Drug Delivery
Absorption
Distribution
What’s the goal?
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Summary of active agents
Agent Grade of
evidence
Benefit
vs Harm
Recommendation
Level
Protocol
Saline B Benefit Recommend Use saline
as adjunct
to other
topical
therapies
Standard
INCS
A Benefit Strong
recommendation
Use in
CRSsNP
and
CRSwNP
Off label
steroid
C Equal Option Irrigation
vs drop
Rudmik L, et al, IFAR 2012
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Topical steroids
• Meta-analyses demonstrates benefit in both
CRSwNP and CRSsNP with greatest benefit
with direct sinus delivery
• Safety with steroid irrigations
Snidvongs K, etal Cochrane 2011
Rudmik L, etal Laryngoscope 2012
Welch K, etal, AJRA 2010
Steinke JW, etal JACI 2009
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Surgery improves
topical steroid delivery
Fokkens W etal EPOS 2012
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Steroid irrigations
• N=111 post ESS pts (56% CRSwNP)
• BUD or BET (1mg qd) via squeeze bottle
• 1 year f/u improved SNOT22, endoscopy
• Most improvement in those
with high eosinophilia
• UNC DBPCT no benefit
– needs further study
Snidvongs K, et al, IFAR 2012
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Safety and drug absorption?
Cope and Bova Laryngoscope 2008
• How much is left behind?
• What % of total irrigation solution
remains?
• Discussing safety and designing future
trials – what are our guidelines?
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How much solution remains in the sinuses?
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How much solution remains in the sinuses?
2.51.5%
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Benefit to patient
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Safety of budesonide irrigations
• Respules (0.5mg/2ml) BID = 1 mg/day
• 3% retained volume = 30 mcg drug
• Rhinocort: 32 mcg/spray=128 mcg/day
• Current irrigations are about ¼ dose of
topical spray!
• Probably doesn’t apply to drops which have
higher retention
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Other methods for getting steroid
to the sinus cavity
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Mometasone bioresorbable stent
• Meta-analysis, 2
DBRCTs, 143 pts
• Endoscopy,
adhesions, oral
steroid need
improved
• Cost/duration of
effect?
Han JK, et al, IFAR 2012
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Summary of active agents
Agent Grade of
evidence
Benefit
vs Harm
Recommend
ation Level
Protocol
Antibiotic B Equal Option vs
recommend
against
Variable, high
volumes
appear to be
better
Antifungal A- Harm Recommend
against
Alternative
agents
C N/A N/A Surfactants,
honey, xylitol
Rudmik L, etal, IFAR 2012
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Does any of this sinus stuff apply
to the lower airway?
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Effects of INCS upon asthma in
AR patients
• 18 studies, 2162 patients
• 3 subgroups
– INCS vs placebo spray
– INCS plus oral ICS vs oral ICS alone
– Nasal inhalation vs nasal placebo
• Asthma QoL, FEV1, medication scores
Lohia S, Schlosser RJ, etal, Allergy 2013 (in press)
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INCS improves asthma sx, FEV1, rescue meds
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Meta-analysis:
Impact of ESS upon asthma
• N=21 studies, 812 patients, mean f/u 26 mos
• NSD in FEV1
Outcome % pts improved 95% CI
Overall asthma control 78% 72 – 82%
Frequency asthma attacks 85% 75-92%
# hospitalizations 64% 53-75%
PO steroids 73% 67-78%
Inhaled steroids 28% 23-35%
Bronchodilator use 36% 29-44%
Vashishta R, Schlosser RJ, etal, IFAR 2013 (submitted)
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All CRSwNP treated similarly:
Big hole ESS, steroid irrigations
ASA triad 8 months
s/p 5th ESS
AFRS 13 months
s/p 3rd ESS
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CF sinusitis…
another can of worms
• Small sinuses
• Thick mucus
• Definite bacterial issues
– Staph, Pseudomonas
• Nutrition/vitamin D?
• Compliance
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ESS in CF patients
• Improves sinonasal symptoms, endoscopy
and hospitalizations up to 1 year
• No impact upon PFTs
Virgin F, etal AJRA 2012
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Systematic review and MA:
ESS in CF
• 19 studies, 586 pts
• ESS improves sinonasal QoL
• No improvement in PFTs
• Conflicting data on hospitalizations, abx
used, endoscopy scores
Macdonald KI etal, Rhinology 2012
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Local immune response in asthma (and CRSwNP)
Akdis C, Nat Med 2012
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Experimental Method
Mediators? PGE2, GM-CSF
CCL2/20
Th2 skewing
IL-4, 5,13
Af (or other insult) x 24 hrs
Control, CRSsNP,
CRSwNP, AFRS HSNECs
Wash HSNECs
Remove insult
Incubate 24 hrs
Collect conditioned media
B cell/plasma cell
IgE
Control APC maturation/migration
Ag uptake/T cell skewing Surface markers: CD80/86/209/40
Cytokine production
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DC maturation (CD80/86 similar) CD209
No
Tre
atm
ent
HSN
EC
Med
ia
Veh
icle
Asp
ergi
llus
Veh
icle
Asp
ergi
llus
Veh
icle
Asp
ergi
llus
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
ControlHSNEC
CRSsNPHSNEC
CRSwNPHSNEC
# #
#, *
##
CD
20
9 M
FI
Mulligan JK, etal IFAR 2011
DC migration and Ag uptake similar
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HSNECs secrete factors which lead to DC skewing and subsequent impact
upon T cells
Control
HSNEC
IL-5
No
Tre
atm
ent
HSN
EC
Med
ia
Veh
icle
Asp
ergi
llus
Veh
icle
Asp
ergi
llus
Veh
icle
Asp
ergi
llus
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
CRSsNP
HSNEC
CRSwNP
HSNEC
##
NS, *##
CD
3+IL
-5+ M
FI
IFN-
No
Tre
atm
ent
HSN
EC
Med
ia
Veh
icle
Asp
ergi
llus
Veh
icle
Asp
ergi
llus
Veh
icle
Asp
ergi
llus
0
5000
10000
15000
Control
HSNEC
CRSsNP
HSNEC
CRSwNP
HSNEC
#
#
#, *
CD
3+ I
FN
-+ M
FI
A) B)
Mulligan JK, etal IFAR 2011
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Local delivery factors
Bleier BS et al, Oto Clin N Amer 2010
Getting it to the proper sinus
Penetrating gel and sol
layers of mucus
Trans-cellular
or paracellular
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In vitro modeling of drug delivery
Bleier BS etal, J Pharm Pharmacol 2012
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Disease specific response
Bleier BS etal, J Pharm Pharmacol 2012
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CRS treatments
• Approach based upon pathophysiology and
evidence
• Topical therapies likely to make a major impact
• Evidence supports large volume delivery of
saline and steroids in post operative patients
• Other agents (antibiotics, antifungals, other) have
limited evidence to support their use
• May improve lower airway disease