Download - Space Frames
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DEFINITION O In architecture and structural engineering, a space
frame or space structure is a truss-like, lightweight
rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in
a geometric pattern.
O Space frames can be used to span large areas with
few interior supports.
O Like the truss, a space frame is strong because of
the inherent rigidity of the triangle;
flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted
as tension and compression loads along the length
of each strut.
O It was developed by Alexander Graham Bell and
Buckminster Fuller's, whose focus
was architectural structures.
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INTRODUCTION O Space frames are essentially three dimensional trusses
able to span in two directions.
O Space frames are a common feature in modern building construction; they are often found in large roof spans in modernist commercial and industrial buildings.
O Single Span from 20m up to 50m (multispan over 50m)
O They may be flat for use as roofs, walls or inclined walls, or may be curved to form continuous barrel type roof geometries.
O Space frames allow for easy service distribution within their depth and can provide light elegant structural solutions.
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OVERVIEW
o The simplest form of space frame is
a horizontal slab of
interlocking square
pyramids and tetrahedra built
from aluminium or tubular
steel struts.
o A stronger form is composed of
interlocking tetrahedral in which all
the struts have unit length.
o More complex variations change the
lengths of the struts to curve the
overall structure or may incorporate
other geometrical shapes.
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MEMBERS
O Tubes
1. Circular hollow sections
2. Rectangular hollow sections
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O Connectors 1. Tuball Node Connector
• A hollow sphere made of spheroidal graphite.
• The end of the hollow section member to be connected is fitted at its ends by welding.
• Connection from inside the cup is using bolt and nut.
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2. Nodus Connector
O It can accept both rectangular and circular hollow sections and that the cladding can be fixed directly to the chords.
O Chord connectors have to be welded to the ends of the hollow members on site.
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3. Triodetic Connector
O It consists of a
hub, usually an
aluminium
extrusion, that
has slots or key
ways, which the
ends of members
are pressed or
coined to
matching
crimped ends.
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4. Hemispherical Dome Connector
O Usually used for double layered domes.
O Has a span more than 40m.
O More economical for long span.
O The joint is connected by slitting the end of
the tube or rod with the joint fin.
O There are two types of joints, pentagonal
joint and hexagonal joint.
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CURVATURE CLASSIFICATION O Barrel vaults. This type of vault has a cross section of a simple arch. Usually this type of space frame does not need to use tetrahedral modules or pyramids as a part of its backing.
O Spherical domes Spherical domes and other compound curves usually require the use of tetrahedral modules or pyramids and additional support from a skin.
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CLASSIFICATION IN TERMS OF ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENTS
O Single layer grid.
All elements are located on the surface to be approximated.
O Double layer grid.
The elements are organized in two parallel layers with each other at a certain distance apart. Each of the layers form a lattice of triangles, squares or hexagons in which the projection of the nodes in a layer may overlap or be displaced relative to each other. The diagonal bars connect the nodes of both layers in different directions in space.
O Triple layer grid.
Elements are placed in three parallel layers, linked by the diagonals. They are almost always flat.
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APPLICATIONS O Aircraft hangers.
O Factories, Hospitals.
O Cinema halls, Convention Centers.
O Malls, Exhibition halls,
O Airports, Hotels.
O Canopies.
O Transport Terminals. Schools, Pools, Arenas,
Entertainment, Corporate & Commercial Buildings.
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ADVANTAGES OF SPACE-FRAMES
O Large spans with cantilevers can be achieved.
O Light i.e., minimum structure weight.
O Carry load by three dimensional action.
O Concentrated loads are evenly distributed on the entire structure.
O High inherent stiffness.
O Pre-finished to avoid site painting & inspection and also easy to construct.
O Pleasing decorative appearance.
O Pre-assembly allows project acceleration in turn, saves construction time and cost.
O Fast installation at site due to pre-fabricated components. Allows simple modification or dis-assembly for re-use.
O Very good acoustical properties.
O All service lines can run through frame.
O Space Frame can be a feature without ceiling.
O Suit irregular support or plan geometry.
O Variable depth for roof drainage is built-in.
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BILBAO EXHIBITION CENTRE, SPAIN
ECOSPHERE MUSEUM, ISRAEL
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STANSTED AIRPORT, BY FOSTER AND PARTNERS, LONDON
Jacob K. Javits
Convention Center, New
York City, New York
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Louvre Pyramid and Bank of China Tower by I. M. Pei
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Eden Project in Cornwall, England
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Globen, Sweden - Dome with diameter of 110 m, (1989)
•Biosphere 2 by John P Allen Phil
Hawes Peter Jon Pearce in Oracle,
Arizona
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