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Sound Recording and Popular Music
Chapter 3
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“It’s not supposed to be a model for anything else. It was simply a response to situation. We’re out of contract. We have our own studio. We have this new server. What the hell else would we do? This was the obvious thing. But it only works for us because of where we are.”
—Radiohead’s Thom Yorke
Music and the Internet
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Youth, Music, and Repression
1700s—waltz viewed as “savage” 1800s—tango viewed as primitive, sexual
banned in Argentina attacked by the French clergy
1920s—the Charleston vilified 1950s through 1980s—rock and roll
decried as too sexual, violent The generation gap persists
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Early History of Recording
de Martinville, France, 1850s
Edison, U.S., 1877
Berliner, U.S., 1880s
Victor Talking Machine, U.S., 1900s
Radio gets an edge over recording industry, 1920s
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History (cont.) Edison’s wax cylinders Berliner and vinyl records Magnetic audiotape (Germany, 1940s) Stereo sound (1950s) Digital recording (1970s) Compact discs (1980s) DVDs (1990s) MP3 and music piracy issues (now)
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Figure 3.1
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“Many of them have no resources to pay the $3,000 penalty. They are students.”
— Lee Bowie, Mount Holyoke College dean, on the thirteen college students forced to pay $3,000 settlements to the recording industry (or risk a lawsuit) for illegal music downloads, 2008
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Records and Radio
1914: ASCAP founded to collect copyright fees for music writers and publishers.
1924: Radio competition cut’s record sales in half.
However, costs of royalties force many radio stations off the air.
Radio and the recording industry join forces in the 1950s.
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U.S. Pop Music
“Music should never be harmless.” —Robbie Robertson of The Band
Pop music starts as low culture. It appeals to the masses.
Likewise blues, country, Tejano, salsa, jazz, rock, reggae, rap, hip-hop, easy listening, and more
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Rock Music Divides and Joins High and low culture
Chuck Berry’s “Roll Over Beethoven” Sinatra vs. Elvis
Masculine and feminine Country and city North and South Sacred and secular
Ray Charles’s gospel origins
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Cover Music and Racism
Dick Clark promotes white covers of black music.
Elvis listed as co-writer Pat Boone “king of cover music” Little Richard outsings Boone Ray Charles gets #1 with cover of white
musician
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Payola Scandals
Payola The practice of record promoters paying
deejays to play their songs on the airAlan Freed ruined
Congressional hearings in 1959 By 2005: Payola persists.
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“The white boy who sang colored”
1950s sees radio losing programming to TV. Creates void filled by rock and roll Led by R&B penetration (25% by 1953) Overtly sexual lyrics Declining segregation
Elvis Alan Freed (Cleveland deejay)
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Crossover Heroes
Bill Haley and the Comets (R&B) Johnnie Ray (R&B) Chuck Berry (country) ex. “Maybellene” Ray Charles plays in a white band. Southern music (gospel and country/folk)
regains cultural respectability after CW. Delta blues, rockabilly, Hooker and Holly
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The Times They Were A-Changin’ The 1960s The British Invasion
The Beatles The Rolling Stones
Motown The Supremes Marvin Gaye
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Oh Brother Where Art Thou? Broadly, folk music = songs performed by
untrained musicians and passed down through oral traditions
Considered a democratic and participatory form
Folk music was popularized by radio and by grassroots activists like Woody Guthrie, who championed peace and social justice.
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Punk Revives Rock
Return to the basics of rock and roll: simple chord structures, catchy melodies, and politically or socially challenging lyrics
The Ramones Blondie The Clash The Sex Pistols
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The World According to Hip-Hop
Started in NYC’s party scene By mid-1980s had commercial success One of the most popular music forms today Questions class and racial boundaries Challenges status quo values
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The Sound of Music
The music industry experienced
significant losses beginning in 2000. File-sharing began to undercut CD sales.
Global Oligopoly: Four corporations control most of industry
worldwide.
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Figure 3.2
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Making Recordings Artist development (A&R agents) Technical facilities: technical production specialists Sales and distribution
Direct retail Music clubs Internet sales
Advertising and promotion Radio MTV
Administrative operations
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What Sony OwnsMusic• Sony BMG MusicEntertainment (50%ownership)– Arista, Arista Nashville,Columbia, Epic, Jive,LaFace, RCA, RCA Victor,Sony BMG Masterworks.• Sony/ATV Music Publishing(50% ownership)
Movies• Sony PicturesEntertainment Inc.• Columbia TriStar MotionPicture Group– Columbia Pictures, SonyPictures Classics, ScreenGems, TriStar Pictures• Sony Pictures Studios• Metro-Goldwyn-MayerStudios• Sony Pictures HomeEntertainment
Television• Sony Pictures Television– Jeopardy !, Wheel ofFortune, Days of OurLives, The Young and theRestless, Dragon Tales,Just Shoot Me!, TheNanny, Mad about You,NewsRadio, Seinfeld• Crackle• Game Show Network
Electronics• Sony Electronics Inc.– DVD and Blu-ray Discplayers– Bravia HDTVs– OLED digital TVs– VAIO computers– Handycam Camcorders– Cyber-shot Digital Cameras– Walkman Video MP3players
– Sony Reader Digital Book
Software• Sony Creative Software:Vegas, ACID Pro, SoundForge, Media Manager
Digital Games• Sony ComputerEntertainment America Inc.– PlayStation– PlayStation Portable– PlayStation Network– PlayStation games
Mobile Phones• Sony Ericsson MobileCommunications (50%ownership)
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Figure 3.3
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Figure 3.4
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Free Expression and Democracy
How can popular music uphold a legacy of free expression while resisting co-optation by giant companies?