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Solvent Emissions and Air Quality
Defining the Air Quality Challenge
John Stark, R.S.
City of Wichita Air Quality/HazMat Program
Supervisor
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Air Pollution Source Categories
• Point Sources: • Permitted sources of pollutant emissions.
• Mobile Sources (On-road and Off-road): autos, trucks, planes, trains, construction, farm equipment & lawn and garden equipment.
• Area Sources: • Sources below the permit cutoffs: metal parts
cleaning, dry cleaners, auto body painting, house painting and other solvent use.
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Area Sources
• Sources below the permit cutoffs:– metal parts cleaning– dry cleaners– auto body painting– house painting (“oil” paints/stains)– other solvent uses
• The 3 R’s of Solvent Use -- Reuse, Reduce, Recycle
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New Federal Area Source Rule
• Paint Stripping & Miscellaneous Surface Coating Operations
• 40 CFR 63, Subpart HHHHHH
• Commonly called the “6H Rule”
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Solvent Usage
• A major contributor to air and water pollution.
• A leading source of hazardous waste.
• Chlorinated solvents are a major contributor to ozone depletion.
• The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 mandate a reduction in the amounts of solvents released into the atmosphere.
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Annual VOC EmissionsSedgwick County - 1999
Area47%
Off-Road Mobile
10%
On-Road Mobile
28%
Point Source15%
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The Ozone Connection• Ozone, or smog, is a colorless gas
composed of three oxygen atoms.
• Ozone occurs naturally about 10 to 30 miles above the earth and protects us from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays.
• However, at ground-level in the air we breathe, ozone poses serious risks to human health.
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• Ozone is not emitted directly into the air but is created by a chemical reaction in the air:
Where Does Ozone Come From?
O3+ =
VOC + NOx + Heat + Sunlight = Ozone
• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) come from cars & trucks, power plants, industrial facilities, small businesses, citizen activities and other sources.
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Ozone
• Is a Seasonal Pollutant
• Highest pollution levels in summer– (May-September)
• Hot, sunny afternoons & evenings typically have the highest ozone concentrations
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What is Ozone Pollution?
• Every day, the average adult breathes over 3,000 gallons of air, and children breathe even more air per pound of body weight.
• Ozone pollution has many effects on public health. Some of these are very serious.
• In the air we breathe, ozone poses serious risks to human health.
• Environmental repercussions - Ozone also adversely affects domestic and native plants and animals.
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Why is Ozone Bad to Breathe?
• Ozone can irritate lung and airways, and cause inflammation much like a sunburn on your lungs.
• Ozone can aggravate respiratory illnesses such as asthma.
• 10 to 20 % of all summertime respiratory-related hospital visits in the US are associated with ozone pollution.
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Health Effects of Exposure to Ozone
• Coughing
• Nose and throat irritation
• Chest pain
• Reduced lung function
• Increased susceptibility to respiratory illnesses• Aggravation of asthma
• Children and people with chronic lung diseases are particularly at risk
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Health Effects of Exposure to Ozone
Asthma is the fastest growing
childhood disease
in the United States
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EPA’s Revised Standard for Ozone
• Recent health effects studies showed that EPA’s 1997 ozone standard was not protective of public health.
• In March 2008, EPA proposed a new, stricter 8 hour ozone standard.
• The new standard is now in effect and will be used to designate nonattainment areas.
• The ozone standard is based on the fourth highest reading per year averaged over 3 years.
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Economic Effects of Ozone (NonAttainment)• Increased costs to industry/commerce
for air pollution controls• Possible Motor Vehicle Inspection &
Maintenance (I & M) Programs• Government - More extensive
Administrative and Planning requirements for transportation and other services
• Less local control of funding priorities
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Typical Air Monitoring Site Layout
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Location of Ozone Monitors in South Central Kansas
Ozone Monitor sites
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What do These Maps Show?
(VOC + NOx + Heat + Sunlight = Ozone)
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Ozone Pollution• The color maps you just saw show ozone smog levels for the south central part of the US.
• WHERE IS IT COMING FROM?
• Possible sources• Wichita citizens and businesses create our own urban air pollution.• Ozone precursor compounds are transported to the Wichita urban area from Mexico, Texas,
& Oklahoma by our south winds.• Combination of the two above scenarios
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EPA’s New Ozone StandardImpact on Wichita Urban Area
• As of 2008, we are in attainment with the new eight hour standard.
• Good News - Our ozone levels for 2007 and 2008 are lower than we have had for several years. This appears to be related to the cool, wet summers we have had recently.
• Concern – Some longer term trend data indicates actions may be needed to maintain the new standard.
• What will be the effects of the recession?
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The Good News• There was a slight downturn in ozone concentrations
in 2007 & 2008.
• Federal standards have required cleaner fuels (gas & diesel) and more efficient on and off road vehicle engines.
• New federal standards are being implemented to control emissions from smaller businesses (drycleaners, plating facilities, machine shops, print shops, etc). The “6H Rule” is one of these.
• New federal standards for small engines (mowers, chain saws, etc.) are also coming.
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Volatile Organic Compounds in Wichita’s Air that Exceed Health
Thresholds• Benzene• Carbon tetrachloride• Methylene chloride• Trichloroethene• Toluene• Xylene• 1,4-dioxane• BromomethaneKUMC Project 2008
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The Health, Environmental, &
Economic Effects of Air Pollution
Reduce the Quality of Life
for All Of Us
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John Stark, R.S.Wichita Department of Environmental
Health
• To view an e-copy of the presentation-www.wichita.gov/CityOffices/Health/Environmental/Presentations
• For questions or further information call or email-
• 316-268-8449• [email protected]